Animal models for the study of innate immunity: protozoan infections in fish
G. F. Wiegertjes, G. Flik in Host-Parasite Interactions, 2004
Fish are uricotelic in that they can directly excrete ammonia living in an aqueous environment. Therefore, the synthesis of urea, which is a less efficient nitrogen end product than ammonia, would not only be an unnecessary step in waste conversion but would be a waste of energy. Thus, not surprisingly, although an ancient trait in animals, expression of the ornithine-urea cycle (OUC) does not occur in teleosts, except for some air-breathing fish species. The genes for the OUC are not believed to be suppressed nor deleted but silenced. Indeed, the fifth step in the OUC cycle; the hydrolysis of dietary L-arginine to urea and ornithine by arginase is one step of the OUC that occurs in fish even if the rest of the cycle is incomplete (Wood, 1993). The role of urea formed is still poorly understood in most fish species. Since, like all vertebrates, fish do not have urease for the breakdown of urea, it is difficult to understand the expenditure of irretrievable energy for no logical reason that accompanies the production of urea. What is clear, however, is that fish do express arginase activity in many tissues but mostly in liver and kidney, but also, that the arginase activity in fish without a functional urea cycle may not be centred on ammonia detoxification.
Reversible Zymo-Hydrolysis a Chronology of Enzymatic Peptide Synthesis
Willi Kullmann in Enzymatic Peptide Synthesis, 1987
As mentioned by J. T. Edsall9 many biochemists, perhaps under the influence of W. Ostwald’s “imperative of energetics” (do not waste any energy, but do exploit it),10 believed that a biochemical process which required free energy to take place could be accomplished with the greatest efficiency by living organisms. As a consequence it was generally taken as granted that the anabolic pathways leading to the synthesis of biological macromolecules were merely reversals of catabolic pathways. This view implicitly suggested that proteins could be prepared by proteolysis in reverse; that is to say, via protease-catalyzed proteosynthesis. The idea of protein biosynthesis by “reversible enzymic hydrolysis” had for some time been considered to be confirmed by the phenomenon of the so-called “plastein-reaction”. The term “plastein” was coined in 1901 by Savjalov to designate the precipitate resulting from the addition of rennin to a partial-hydrolysate of fibrin (peptone).5 Savjalov, while reproducing an experiment performed by his teacher Danilewski in 1886,11 correctly identified the plastein formation as the outcome of a “proteo-synthetic” process, namely the reverse of the already known “proteo-lytic” action of proteases. Numerous studies on the subject of plasteins were published in subsequent years, particularly during the first decades of the present century (for further details consult References 6 and 7).
Who Can Help Me? A Chronic Pain Patient’s View of Multidisciplinary Treatment
Michael E. Schatman, Alexandra Campbell, John D. Loeser in Chronic Pain Management, 2007
It has been almost 3 years since I began the multidisciplinary chronic pain management program. At this point, my experiences there occurred at about the halfway point on my journey with chronic pain. My life continues to change and evolve, but now my chronic pain is along for the ride and no longer doing the driving. I have reclaimed that right. That is not to say that I have been physically healed. In fact, due to ongoing spinal deterioration, I probably deal with more intense pain now than I did while in the program. But I came out of the pain management program with tools to cope with chronic pain that I never had before. The tools that I acquired and the resources that were made available to me have proven to be the foundations on which I have begun to rebuild my life in a positive way. I have expanded what it means to pace each day into what it means to pace my life. When I choose to expend energy on something, it is an item of priority. There is so much of what we do each day that is an unnecessary waste of energy. I continue to try to uncover those aspects of my life in an attempt to minimize or discard them so that I can focus on the path which I have chosen.
3D printing technology in healthcare: applications, regulatory understanding, IP repository and clinical trial status
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2022
Dipak Kumar Gupta, Mohd Humair Ali, Asad Ali, Pooja Jain, Md. Khalid Anwer, Zeenat Iqbal, Mohd. Aamir Mirza
It can be substantially applied in small production volumes like prototyping, customisation and manufacturing products with complex designs, the democratisation of design which is often difficult to manufacture by traditional methods. Furthermore, it also offers reduction in material waste and energy consumption, shortens the time to reach the market, is environment friendly and ultimately reduction in manufacturing cost. Now researchers are looking forward to usher 3DP technique for large scale production of pharmaceutical dosage forms, making it a revolution in pharmaceutical/healthcare industries [4]. The basic steps of 3DP are as follows-Digital design of the product is developed using CAD (computer-aided design) softwareThe design is transformed to machine-readable format(STL)Layer wise instructions are digitally transferred to the printerRaw materials (RM) are fed as granules, filaments or binder solutionsLayer wise printing is followed by solidification to get the desired productPost-processing steps include drying, sintering, polishing, harvesting and recycling of unprinted material
A systematic review on biomonitoring of individuals living near or working at solid waste incinerator plants
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2019
Laura Campo, Petra Bechtold, Lucia Borsari, Silvia Fustinoni
For PubMed, searches were conducted using both keywords and MESH terms. Alternative nomenclature for SWI were tested, such as “incinerators”, “waste-to-energy plants”, and WTE plants. The following search string was finally used: (residues OR waste OR hazardous substances [Mesh]) AND (Incineration [Mesh] OR incinerat* OR “waste to energy”) AND (expos* OR biomarker* OR biomonitoring OR biological monitoring OR biological markers [Mesh]) AND (environmental pollut*[Mesh] OR environmental exposure [Mesh] OR epidemiological monitoring [Mesh] OR environmental monitoring [Mesh] OR occupational exposure [Mesh]). The search is updated to 21 February 2018.
Staff Perceptions on the Implementation of Structured Risk Assessment with the START:AV: Identifying Barriers and Facilitators in a Residential Youth Care Setting
Published in International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 2020
Tamara L. F. De Beuf, Corine de Ruiter, Vivienne de Vogel
It’s just really too bad that if you look back: when did we complete the [START:AV] practice cases? That was over a year ago! Look, if… for me that [knowledge] really is already disappearing. That’s just a waste of energy. (T1 TC)
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