Surfactants in Cosmetic Products
Heather A.E. Benson, Michael S. Roberts, Vânia Rodrigues Leite-Silva, Kenneth A. Walters in Cosmetic Formulation, 2019
The alkyl sulphates and alkyl ether sulphates are the most commonly used products as foamy surfactants in hair and skin cleansers. Among the alkyl sulphates, the most important are the lauryl sulphates that have wide application in the cosmetic industry. Lauryl sulphates are obtained from the sulphonation of lauryl alcohol (from natural sources) with sulphonating agents (chlorosulphonic acid or sulphur trioxide), followed by neutralization with soda, triethanolamine, ammonia or monoethanolamine. The main characteristics of the alkyl sulphates are their high foaming power, easy to thicken, good solubility in water, pleasant odour and complete biodegradability. In the alkyl ether sulphates class, the most important products are the lauryl ether sulphates because of their excellent properties. They are more hydrophilic than their non-ethoxylated counterparts, have much lower irritability to eyes and skin, low set point, easy control of viscosity from addition of electrolytes and greater tolerance to water hardness. Lauryl ether sulphates are used in liquid soaps, shower gels, foam baths and shampoos. A 2 mol of ethylene oxide grade is generally preferable if a rich and stable foam is required or if viscosity is desirable in the final products. The 3 mol of ethylene oxide grade is more suitable when highly aerated foams must be generated. In general, increasing the degree of ethoxylation reduces skin and eye irritation.
Cleansing of Hair
Dale H. Johnson in Hair and Hair Care, 2018
Alkyl sulfates are prepared (174) by sulfation of a fatty alcohol with sulfur trioxide, sulfuric acid, or chlorosulfonic acid and subsequent neutralization with alkali. The three alkyl sulfates most often used in shampoos are sodium lauryl sulfate, ammonium lauryl sulfate, and TEA lauryl sulfate. The choice of each of these surfactants is dictated by considerations of water solubility and pH stability. Sodium lauryl sulfate, for example, is not very soluble in cold water, and its use in clear shampoos is somewhat limited because of its relatively high cloud point. On the other hand, ammonium lauryl sulfate and TEA lauryl sulfate are more soluble in cold water, but ammonium lauryl sulfate needs to be formulated at acidic pH, while TEA lauryl sulfate tends to hydrolyze at low pH.
The Role of Light and Electromagnetic Fields in Maintaining Vascular Health
Aruna Bakhru in Nutrition and Integrative Medicine, 2018
Possibly the most overlooked factor in the issue of maintaining human health is the need for an adequate supply of sulfate to all the tissues, particularly the vasculature—both the cells lining the vessel walls and the cells travelling through the blood vessels. The major puzzle that presents itself to biological systems is that sulfate gels water: this is a feature once the sulfate anion is securely anchored in the membrane of some cell, but, during transit, gelling the free-flowing blood in the blood vessels will result in a no-flow crisis. The body has come up with ingenious solutions to this problem, but, unfortunately, as we will see later, toxic chemicals in the environment are derailing the body's clever solutions, and causing systemic diseases as a consequence. The levels of free sulfate in the blood are tightly regulated within a narrow concentration range centered around 1 millimolar. The so-called Jones–Ray effect shows that 1 millimolar concentration results in a minimum in surface tension [8]. Any more or any less is problematic, and any excess free sulfate will have to be flushed out through the kidneys even if there is a severe sulfate deficiency problem.
Pollution assessment and estimation of the percentages of toxic elements to be removed to make polluted drinking water safe: a case from Nigeria
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2023
Johnbosco C. Egbueri, Daniel A. Ayejoto, Johnson C. Agbasi
Sulfate is naturally found in water as a result of gypsum and other common minerals leaching. The discharge of industrial wastes and home sewage tends to increase the concentration of this substance (Hammarstrom et al.2005, Porowski et al.2019). As seen in Table 1, the values of this parameter in the waters tested in this study area are highly varied. They range from 7.0 to 130 mg/L, with an average of 40.643 mg/L, well below WHO and NIS guidelines of 250 mg/L. The occurrence of a high SO42− concentration is attributable to the rocks that the water passes through. It is suggested that the geology of this area could also comprise of sedimentary deposits such as gypsum (CaSO4). Interestingly, the examined waters meet the NIS (2007) and WHO (2017) benchmark of SO4 concentration of less than 250 mg/L.
Clinical utility of marketing terms used for over-the-counter dermatologic products
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2018
Emily Boozalis, Shivani Patel
Surfactants are found in many shampoos, toothpaste, and soaps. They function to remove sebum and dirt while increasing the cosmetic product’s viscosity, foaming, and fragrance solubility (29). Sulfates, such as sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and sodium laureth sulfate (SLES), are one group of anionic surfactants. They exhibit potent cleansing, emulsifying, and foaming properties, and can easily be rinsed off (30,31).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Dimethyl Sulfate
- Ester
- Oxygen
- Sulfur
- Sulfuric Acid
- Empirical Formula
- Salt
- Oxidation State
- Conjugate
- Tetrahedral Molecular Geometry