Petrolatum: Conditioning Through Occlusion
Randy Schueller, Perry Romanowski in Conditioning Agents for Hair and Skin, 2020
Figures 4,5, and 6 show the general scheme of a petroleum refinery process, with focus on the production of petrolatum. First, a crude oil is subjected to atmospheric distillation, which removes gases and lighter refined products (i.e., fuels, such as gasoline, kerosene, and diesel fuel) from the bulk of the crude oil product at atmospheric pressure. The remaining oil is sent to a vacuum distillation unit so that the heavier fractions (e.g., lubricating oil fractions) can be removed without the extreme temperatures which would be required to perform this operation in an atmospheric distillation tower. Once these lube oil fractions are removed, the remaining material, often called "vacuum resid," is then taken to a solvent deasphalting/deresining unit. In this process, a solvent is used to extract the heavy oil from resins and asphalts which would be detrimental components in the finished petroleum products.
Acute Lung Injury In Children Due To Chemical And Physical Agents
Lourdes R. Laraya-Cuasay, Walter T. Hughes in Interstitial Lung Diseases in Children, 2019
Many times the agent has been removed from the original container and put into a glass, cup, soft drink, or wine bottle.204, 205, 209, 217-219, 222 Combinations of “mischievousness”, carelessness in storage,224-226 and poor parental supervision have been cited as major predisposing factors.222, 225, 227, 228 The oily taste and smell of kerosene may not be appreciated by the victim until several gulps have been swallowed.209 Mineral seal oil has a pleasant smell and taste which seem to encourage large volumes to be ingested.205, 207, 215 In developing countries, kerosene is used as fuel, mostly among middle and lower income families, and ingestion by children is seen frequently.222, 229 In these cases, cups or jars frequently had been placed on the floor to catch the drip from a leaking fuel line to a stove.221 In Iraq, kerosene has been used as a medicine against worms,222 and in the U.S. kerosene has erroneously been thought to be a remedy for colds and croup.230, 231 Siblings have been known to feed hydrocarbons to infants less than 6 months of age.213 One 8-month-old was given kerosene instead of water in a nursing bottle, with fatal results.228 Intentional poisoning by abusive parents has been observed, and a bizarre case of a mother who injected her hospitalized child with i. v. naphtha with diastrous results has been reported.232
Indoor Air Pollution
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel in Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
According to Kim et al.,43 smoke samples, in both gas and PM phases, of the three domestic stoves were collected using U.S. EPA modified method 5 and were analyzed for 17 PAH (HPLC0UV), acute toxicity (Microtox test), and mutagenicity (Ames test). The gas phase of smoke contributed > or = 95% of 17 PAH was from sawdust briquettes (260 mg/kg), but the highest emission of 11 genotoxic PAH was from kerosene (28 mg/kg). PM samples of kerosene smoke were not toxic. The total toxicity emission factor was the highest from sawdust, followed by kerosene and wood fuel. Smoke samples from the kerosene stove were not mutagenic. TA98 indicated the presence of both direct and indirect mutagenic activities in the gas phase. TA100 detected only direct mutagenic activities in both PM and gas phase samples. The higher mutagenicity emission factor was from wood fuel, 12 × 10(6) (TA100-S9) and 2.8 × 10(6) (TA98-S9). The low burning rate and high efficiency of a kerosene stove have resulted in the lowest PAH toxicity and mutagenicity emissions from daily cooking activities. The bioassays produced toxicity and mutagenicity results in correspondence with the PAH content of samples. The tests could be used for a quick assessment of potential health risks.
Air pollution and human health risks: mechanisms and clinical manifestations of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Habib Allah Shahriyari, Yousef Nikmanesh, Saeid Jalali, Noorollah Tahery, Akram Zhiani Fard, Nasser Hatamzadeh, Kourosh Zarea, Maria Cheraghi, Mohammad Javad Mohammadi
Good ventilation of homes and better stoves are the keys decrease in emitting smoke from cooking and heating fuels (Vestbo et al.2013, Majeed et al.2020). Based on result, different studies improved stoves can improve indoor air quality (Yorifuji et al. 2016). Using alternative energy sources such as solar cooking and electrical heating is also effective. Using fuels such as kerosene or coal might be less bad than traditional biomass such as wood or dung (Pirozzi and Scholand 2012). Improvements in both air quality and health outcomes are the main advantage of emission control (Yorifuji et al.2016). Combination of controlling the indoor air sources and selecting appropriate ventilation rate (increased to remove remaining pollutants) was the most effective to reduce health risks (Asikainen et al.2016).
Toxicological exposures among the pediatric patients at a tertiary care center in Lebanon: the case for establishing a national poison center
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2021
Tharwat El Zahran, Hala Mostafa, Hani Hamade, Eveline Hitti, Brent W. Morgan, Ziad Kazzi
In addition, some of our patients had toxicological exposures due to elemental mercury from old thermometers, and from kerosene, which has been traditionally used as a cleaning substance in Lebanon. Digital thermometers have generally replaced mercury-based thermometers due to their increased safety and ease of use, yet we still see them being used in Lebanese households. Nationwide policies governing the availability and use of mercury-based thermometers may be needed. Similarly, kerosene, which is a highly flammable, colorless substance making it easily confused with water, especially by young children, can be replaced with other cleaning substances. Kerosene has been entirely banned in some places, including parts of India due to its increased toxicity and health hazard. In Lebanon, kerosene is readily available and is often stored inappropriately due to a lack of awareness of its toxicity. Here, again, national policies controlling the use of materials such as elemental mercury and kerosene are urgently needed.
COPD in Biomass exposed nonsmokers: a different phenotype
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2021
Surinder Jindal, Aditya Jindal
Biomass fuels are regularly used for cooking by over 2.8 billion people with an additional 1.2 billion using kerosene lamps for lighting [34]. A significant proportion of this combustion takes place in relatively poorly ventilated households where much of the effluent is released into the indoor living area. In India, for example, biomass fuels are used for cooking and heating purposes in almost 90% of rural households and about one-third of urban households. As a result, there is a large amount of particulate matter generated by the burning of biomass fuels. Ambient outdoor air pollution caused by forest fires, dust storms, industrial and traffic exhausts also adds to HAP due to free movement of air. Some of the important pollutants in HAP include carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen (NOx), ozone, and suspended particulate matter (SPM) commonly measured as of 2.5 m diameter (PM 2.5).
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