Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Practical and Theoretical Considerations
Brian J. Lukey, James A. Romano, Salem Harry in Chemical Warfare Agents, 2019
It should be noted that an older type of AC, ASC carbon, also impregnated with the salts of metals, had been used for approximately 50 years in military chemical warfare filters. The inorganic metallic salts impregnated within this carbon were copper, silver, and chromium (in its hexavalent form; i.e., chromium 6). Chromium 6 is regarded as a carcinogen, possibly exposing the warfighter’s eyes, respiratory system, and GI tract to a carcinogen should any of the carbon become dislodged. Consequently, it was considered a hazardous material, necessitating the use of an expensive toxic waste disposal protocol, and subsequently, its usage has been abandoned. Test results show that the protection provided by ASZM-TEDA carbon and ASC carbon is almost the same (Morrison, 2002). The older ASC carbon can be found in the C2 military filter (canister colored black), filters for the M17 series of field-protective masks, and many earlier chemical warfare filters.
Safety in the Laboratory
Niel T. Constantine, Johnny D. Callahan, Douglas M. Watts in Retroviral Testing, 2020
A clean, organized work space is a safer work space. The following measures will help increase safety in the laboratory: Reagents should be well labeled, in proper containers, and stored properly (example: store acids and bases in a separate cabinet below benchtop level).Keep benchtop free from clutter (nonessential materials).Materials should not be placed near the edges of counters or shelves, but rather organized as related to need.Hazardous materials and reagents not in use should be safely stored out of the immediate work area.
Transport of Radioactive Materials in Radiation Oncology
K. N. Govinda Rajan in Radiation Safety in Radiation Oncology, 2017
Radioactive materials are classified as dangerous goods. Hence, unlike the ordinary materials, the transport of RAMs (TRAMs) must conform to safety regulations. This will ensure that RAMs do not cause any harm to the public or the environment. However, the RAMs used in medicine (or in industry, agriculture, or research) do not have additional dangerous properties like explosiveness, inflammability, corrosiveness, or toxicity. Under normal or even under accident conditions of transport, the packages containing RAM used in medicine must not be capable of causing an explosion or a fire.
Application of HMTL and novel IWQI models in rural groundwater quality assessment: a case study in Nigeria
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Daniel A. Ayejoto, Johnbosco C. Egbueri, Monday T. Enyigwe, Osita I. Chiaghanam, Peter D. Ameh
Heavy metal toxic load (HMTL) is a metric for determining how much PTEs are present in water and how it can affect human health. It gives the regulatory authority an idea of how much treatment is required to make the water safe for human consumption. This method also aids in the documentation of a successful treatment and intervention strategy. HMTL was calculated by multiplying the measured PTE concentration by the hazard intensity as shown below: C denotes PTE concentration, n denotes the number of PTEs used for the evaluation, and HIS denotes the ATSDR’s hazard strength score (ATSDR 2012). It should be noted that the HIS is determined by the frequency of toxic elements as hazardous material on ATSDR’s National Priorities List (NPL) sites, the toxicity level of the metals examined, and the possibility of human interaction. The highest HIS for toxic metal is 1800 points, with 600 points each for the frequency of NPLs, toxicity, and the possibility of physical contact (Proshad et al.2020).
Emergency Medical Services (EMS) 2050: A Vision for the Future of Pediatric Prehospital Care
Published in Prehospital Emergency Care, 2021
Marianne Gausche-Hill, Steven Krug, Joseph Wright
The present-day EMS system is a patchwork quilt of services that vary from one community to the next. The reliable and prepared EMS system of 2050 will provide consistent care across all communities as measured by quality and performance. EMS professionals, physicians, and leaders will be trained in quality science: proven methods evaluated by metrics based upon national best practices, not local preferences. The fully prepared EMS system of 2050 will be capable to address the unique needs of at-risk populations, including children. It will be better equipped to address day-to-day variations in demand, and likewise, better prepared to address the needs of the community during a surge due to a disaster or other public health emergency. Quality improvement within systems of care will address pediatric specific metrics that promote a culture of safety. Uniform scope of practice will allow for transfer of resources from one region to the next without need for verification of credentials. An EMS provider in different regions of the U.S. will have received similar training and education. There will also need to be a path for specialized training and certification to allow for specialists to be deployed for specific incidents. (e.g., hazardous materials, rescue in austere environments, pediatric resuscitation, etc.).
Evaluation of effectiveness of risk-based comprehensive safety training planning in the gas pipeline construction industry
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2022
Mousa Jabbari, Yousef Yousefpour, Mohtasham Ghaffari, Alireza Shokuhian
Iran has many chemical industries and processes, including 53 petrochemical complexes, 58 petrochemical development projects, 22 oil and gas refineries and more than 100 chemical plants [1]. Accordingly, all these hazardous materials need to be transported. Public concern is focused mainly on road and rail transportation, because the routes used for road and rail transportation of hazardous material may get close to or even cross some densely populated areas [2]. Pipelines are considered one of the alternative methods for transporting hazardous materials. Correspondingly, pipelines transport chemicals to the oil, gas and petrochemical industries, and other similar facilities such as export docks or for industrial and domestic use in cities and towns. The increase of oil, gas and petrochemical transportation through pipelines has caused an increase in pipeline incidents [3]. In Iran, extensive use of pipelines has led to a large volume of construction in the pipeline industry.
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