Introduction
Nirmala Chongtham, Madho Singh Bisht in Bamboo Shoot, 2020
Bamboo can also be converted to gas for the generation of power and heat. Gasification is a thermochemical conversion of bamboo biomass into a gas at a temperature of 750–1200°C. The gasification units require a small proportion of raw material and produce 15% of the biomass as a by-product in the form of high-grade charcoal. A 100 Kw gasifier requires 1,000 tonnes of raw material and produces 130 tonnes charcoal per annum. The produced gas includes combustible (methane, hydrogen and carbon dioxide) and non-combustible (carbon dioxide, nitrogen, etc.) gases. The combustible gases from bamboo (around 40%) are used as fuel for various purposes.
Saving the human race: environmental sustainability
Théodore H MacDonald, Noël A Kinsella, John A Gibson in The Global Human Right to Health, 2018
New coal-processing technologies can produce ‘ultra-clean coal’, reducing ash levels to below 0.25% and sulphur to only trace levels. This will enable pulverised coal to be fed directly into gas turbines, allowing it to be burned at even higher thermal efficiency levels. In addition, various gasification techniques are being developed which use steam and oxygen to convert the coal into carbon monoxide and hydrogen. This can be combined with ‘sequestration’, which involves dispensing liquefied carbon dioxide into deep geological strata from which it cannot escape into the atmosphere.
Epidemiology
Samuel C. Morris in Cancer Risk Assessment, 2020
During the course of the study, however, it developed that a higher percentage of the miners lived in small villages than did gasification plant workers, and while both were allowed to bring coal home for heating and cooking fuel, the miners were more likely to do so. The result was that while the the comparison population had little exposure to coal chemicals at work, they were exposed to the products of incomplete coal combustion at home.
Optimization of Swiss blue dye removal by cotton boll activated carbon: response surface methodological approach
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Rekha Rani, Summaiya Tasmeem, Anju Malik, Vinod Kumar Garg, Lakhvinder Singh, Sanju Bala Dhull
Agro-industrial wastes are most widely used materials for dye adsorption due to their availability at local level and cheap price. Adsorbents are available in large amount, because they are easily available, regenerable, and cheap (Demirbas 2009). The production of AC from carbonaceous material depends on carbonizing and activation of original materials. Activation is attained either chemically or physically (Deng et al.2009). Commonly, physical methods consist of thermal treatment, which is accomplished in two steps: (1) controlled gasification and (2) carbonization of the precursor of the raw material (Rodríguez-Reinoso et al.1995) followed by activation process with CO2 and steam (Deng et al.2009). Chemical activation is a one-step mechanism and carried out with K2CO3, ZnCl2, KOH, NaOH, H2SO4, and H3PO4 dehydrating reagents, which control the pyrolytic decomposition and discourage tar formation (Deng et al.2009).
2022 Expert consensus on the use of laser ablation for papillary thyroid microcarcinoma
Published in International Journal of Hyperthermia, 2022
Lu Zhang, Wei Zhou, Jian Qiao Zhou, Qian Shi, Teresa Rago, Giovanni Gambelunghe, Da Zhong Zou, Jun Gu, Man Lu, Fen Chen, Jie Ren, Wen Cheng, Ping Zhou, Stefano Spiezia, Enrico Papini, Wei Wei Zhan
The ablation volume of a single optical fiber is generally stable. As the power and energy increase, the laser ablation range gradually increases. A near-linear relationship exists between ablation volume and energy input up to an energy delivery of 1800 J, but any further energy delivery above this results in a limited increase of the ablation volume. Based on experimental data with fixed treatment parameters (5 W output, 1800 J delivery), there is a highly predictable ablation range of 10–13 mm forward, 4–5 mm backward, and 4–5 mm lateral. For nodules with a hard texture and a background of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, a high power (4.5–5.5 W) can be used to break through the hard area at the beginning of the procedure. When the gasification area starts to move forward, the output power can be lowered to 3.0–3.5 W to achieve an appropriate ablation area for moving forward slowly and safely.
Liver cirrhosis and tumor location can affect the range of intrahepatic microwave ablation zone
Published in International Journal of Hyperthermia, 2023
Wen-zhen Ding, Hao Wei, Jia-peng Wu, Zhi-gang Cheng, Zhi-yu Han, Fang-yi Liu, Jie Yu, Ping Liang
In terms of disease-related factors, we found that the AZ range in cirrhotic patients was smaller than that in noncirrhotic patients. Combining the Pennes biological heat conduction equation and pathological alterations of the liver parenchyma, we speculated that there may be two reasons for this result. First, when cirrhosis occurs, fibrous tissue proliferates within the liver parenchyma, resulting in increased tissue density. Tissue density was negatively correlated with the AZ range according to the formula provided in previous studies [16]. Second, when cirrhosis occurs, the water content in the liver parenchyma increases [17], which results in an increase in tissue-specific heat capacity. Therefore, under the same energy, the range of tissues heated by microwaves is reduced. Third, the liver parenchyma is subject to substantial shrinkage upon MW heating owing to the massive vaporization of its water content. The higher the initial water content, the more tissue contracts because of water vaporization, and the water content in cirrhosis parenchyma is higher than that in non-cirrhosis parenchyma, so the AZ would be smaller in the cirrhosis parenchyma than in the non-cirrhosis parenchyma. Moreover, a higher water content leads to more water vapor being generated during the heating process, and gasification consumes more energy [26]. Furthermore, as the generated water vapor enters the liver tissue, the tissue conductivity further decreases [14]. All these factors act together and decrease the AZ range in cirrhotic tissue.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Carbon Dioxide
- Carbon Monoxide
- Methanol
- Oxygen
- Nitrogen
- Carbon
- Hydrogen
- Syngas
- Producer Gas
- Internal Combustion Engine