Iodine for vegetable production and livestock breeding
Tatsuo Kaiho in Iodine Made Simple, 2017
Halogens (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine) have played an important role in the development of agricultural chemicals. In particular, chlorine has been widely used as an component of pesticides such as DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) and BHC (benzene hexachloride) (see the diagram). However, the use of chlorine-based agricultural chemicals have been discontinued in developed countries due to safety concerns. In recent years, the introduction of fluorine has shown to significantly change drug efficiency and properties, and the use of fluorine-based agricultural chemicals containing fluorine atoms and the trifluoromethyl group (CF3) have rapidly increased due to their high level of safety. Overall, 30% of all agricultural chemicals presently used are said to be fluorine-based. On the other hand, because iodine is comparatively costly compared to other halogens and in limited supply, hence there are fewer cases of use in agricultural chemicals.
Chemistries of Chemical Warfare Agents
Brian J. Lukey, James A. Romano, Salem Harry in Chemical Warfare Agents, 2019
Physical Properties: Chlorine (atomic chlorine, Cl) has an atomic number of 17, an electronegativity of 3.2 (Pauling scale), and an atomic mass of 35.46 u. It is the third most electronegative element behind fluorine and oxygen. Throughout this chapter, the term chlorine refers to Cl2 unless otherwise noted. Chlorine is a highly reactive nonmetal (halogen) element appearing as a greenish-yellow gas with a density of 3.2 g/mL at standard temperature and pressure (STP). Solid chlorine melts at –101°C, and the gas liquefies at room temperature at 7.9 atm, or at −34°C at 1 atm. The substance has a water solubility of 0.64 g Cl2/100 g water at room temperature and a pungent odor.
Production of High Specific Activity Compounds Labeled with Short-Lived Radionuclides
William C. Eckelman, Lelio G. Colombetti in Receptor-Binding Radiotracers, 2019
Fluorine is the most electronegative and reactive element in the periodic table, which makes it difficult to extract the activity from the production target in a synthetically useful form. If pure neon is bombarded, all of the fluorine-18 which is formed sticks to the target walls.46 If the target is heated and flushed with a variety of inert gases, the fluorine-18 can be removed and condensed onto a cold surface as a readily exchangeable fluoride ion.47 Bombarding a mixture of neon and hydrogen while constantly circulating the target gases over cesium hydroxide gives 18F-labeled cesium fluoride, which can also be used as a precursor in further syntheses.48
Royal jelly abrogates flouride-induced oxidative damage in rat heart tissue by activating of the nrf-2/NF-κB and bcl-2/bax pathway
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2021
Abdullah Aslan, Seda Beyaz, Ozlem Gok, Muhammed Ismail Can, Gozde Parlak, Ibrahim Hanifi Ozercan, Ramazan Gundogdu
The cardiovascular system is a large scale network system through which blood is distributed throughout the body. It performs two important tasks: Providing oxygen and nutrients for our body organs and removing metabolic waste products from tissues. The central organ of the cardiovascular system is the heart, a closed fist-sized muscular organ located in the middle of the chest cavity between our two lungs. The average weight of a heart is 300-350 grams for men and 250-300 grams for women. ( Ilhan 2016). Useful products, food products and medicines used in daily life contain significant amounts of fluoride. Fluorine is the 13th most abundant chemical element in the world, and fluoride is its anionic form. Fluoride affects almost all organs and the functions of the living organism. While the fluoride taken in certain amounts contributes to the development of the bones and teeth of the human body, excessive amounts of fluoride are dangerous for the human body. Fluoride taken in excessive amounts causes damage to the heart tissue from cytotoxic substances for many organs. Studies conducted over the last decade have shown that excessive fluoride consumption has adverse effects on different organs and systems. Many studies have shown that fluoride is required for neurological, reproductive, hepatic, immunological, cardiac, nephrological, neurological, bone, dental development. It has been determined that it is a factor causing various toxicities (Sharma et al. 2017). Recent studies has shown that Royal jelly may have a cardioprotective effect on paclitaxel-induced cardiotoxicity in rats (Malekinejad et al. 2016).
Evaluation of covalent binding of flutamide and its risk assessment using 19F-NMR
Published in Xenobiotica, 2021
Nobuyuki Kakutani, Takahiro Iwai, Yasushi Ohno, Satoru Kobayashi, Yukihiro Nomura
Here, we focused on the fluorine atom as a tracer of compounds instead of radiolabelled tracers. The fluorine atom is very common in pharmaceutical research and many fluorine-containing compounds have been synthesised as drug candidates with a high affinity toward target enzymes, stability against metabolism, good permeability of the intestine, and good solubility in the intestinal fluid (Gillis et al., 2015). As fluorine is a small electron-withdrawing atom that forms a strong C–F bond, the introduction of fluorine atoms has led to the improved physicochemical profiles of compounds (Degnan et al., 2008). Therefore, it is a universal tool for medicinal chemistry. For example, many fluorine-containing drugs such as efavirenz for HIV/AIDS and celecoxib for pain/inflammation have been generated.
Saliva microbiome alterations in dental fluorosis population
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2023
Shanshan Liu, Qiangsheng Song, Chenchen Zhang, Mengwan Li, Zhenzhen Li, Yudong Liu, Li Xu, Xiaofei Xie, Lili Zhao, Rongxiu Zhang, Qinglong Wang, Guojin Zeng, Yifan Zhang, Kai Zhang
Fluorine is a non-metallic element that is found at relatively high levels (525 ppm) in the Earth’s crust in the form of fluoride [1]. Although it is a micronutrient required for normal growth, excessive long-term fluoride intake can lead to its deposition in the bones and teeth, resulting in chronic skeletal and dental fluorosis [2,3]. The prevalence of dental fluorosis is rising throughout the world due to higher levels of fluoride exposure, with a prevalence of roughly 89.7% in 12–17-year-olds in Northern Tanzania [4] and 63.7% among 12-year-olds in Quito, Ecuador [5]. The prevalence of dental fluorosis among Mexican 6–12-year-olds and Thai 8–12-year olds is 98% and 53.4%, respectively [6,7], and the average prevalence of dental fluorosis in Jilin, China is 30.5% (range: 8.33% − 64.17%) [8].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Diatomic Molecule
- Electrolysis
- Hydrogen Fluoride
- Fluoxetine
- Atorvastatin
- Standard Temperature & Pressure
- Hall–Héroult Process
- Carbon–Fluorine Bond
- Refrigerant
- Polytetrafluoroethylene