Methods of Protein Iodination
Erwin Regoeczi in Iodine-Labeled Plasma Proteins, 2019
If electric current is indeed a flux of electrons between two bodies of unequal potentials, the role of cations in the equalization process is an “indirect” one: by migrating to and acquiring electrons from the cathode, they contribute to the depletion of M1 of excess charge without actually transferring it to M2 (see Figure 30). In this sense and for this reason, the nature of the cation is as relevant for conduction in liquids as is that of the anion. One might say, the total current “transported” in a liquid system is shared between the anionic and cationic species present. This share is known as the transport (or transference) number (T±) and is defined as the fraction of the total current carried by a given ionic species. Thus, T+ for the cation in NaCl at infinite dilution is λo+(Na+)/(Na+Cl–), and for the anion T– = λo–(CI–)/(Na+Cl–). Needless to say, the transport number of a given ion is not constant but it depends, apart from the intrinsic properties of the ion itself, also on the nature of the counter-ion. For example, T_ for Cl– (10 mM, 25°C) is 0.5098 in KC1, 0.6081 in NaCl, 0. 1748 in HC1, and 0.6711 in LIC1.166,167 This has obvious implications for electrolysis, because chemical changes at the anode will occur much more rapidly by using LIC1 than when the electrolyte is HC1.
Procedures for Writing Formulas and Naming Compounds
Patrick E. McMahon, Rosemary F. McMahon, Bohdan B. Khomtchouk in Survival Guide to General Chemistry, 2019
Example: Determine the correct formula for a combination of bismuth and chlorine: use the periodic table as necessary. Bismuth is a metal, the symbol is BiBi is a fixed-charged metal but does not follow the noble gas electron configuration rule.For this type of problem, the value of the positive charge on Bi (or Ag, Zn, Cd) must come from memory: the memorized charge on Bi is +3.Chlorine is a non-metal, the symbol is ClEach Bi+3 with 3 (+) charges requires three Cl−, which each have only 1 (−) charge. charges are not shown in final formula.Check the formula by addition of (+) and (−) values:
Inorganic Chemical Pollutants
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel in Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
In industry, chlorine comes from rock salt (NaCl). Chlorine is then used in drinking water and in a variety of industrial practices for the production of chlorinated solvents, for example, CCl4, CCl3, trichloroethane, plastics, and vinyl chlorides, etc. Mild mucous membrane irritation may occur at 0.2–16 ppm; eye irritation occurs at 7–8 ppm, throat irritation at 15 ppm, and cough at 30 ppm.881 In several cases, prolonged symptoms following chlorine exposure may have been caused by aggravation of preexisting conditions, such as tuberculosis or heart disease.882 Higher concentrations can cause severe poisoning in even shorter periods.883 Chlorine dioxide also causes similar respiratory ailments.883 Lower levels of chlorine concentrations can cause irritation of the lower respiratory passages, the eyes, the nose, and the throat. Excess chlorine may put a strain on the dehalogen oxidation and conjugation systems.
Co-delivery of amphotericin B and pentamidine loaded niosomal gel for the treatment of Cutaneous leishmaniasis
Published in Drug Delivery, 2023
Adnan Anjum, Kanwal Shabbir, Fakhar Ud Din, Shumaila Shafique, Syed Saoud Zaidi, Ali H Almari, Taha Alqahtani, Aleena Maryiam, Muhammad Moneeb Khan, Adel Al Fatease, Sidra Bashir, Gul Majid Khan
Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease caused by parasites found in different species of Leishmania (Shirian et al., 2013; Dar et al., 2018). Despite being among the top 10 individual disease burden, Leishmaniasis has been ignored globally (Alvar et al., 2012). Almost 1.5 million new cases of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) are being reported annually (Dar et al., 2018). The main hindrance in controlling the leishmaniasis is non availability of vaccine, safe and effective pharmacological agents and special diagnostic equipment’s (Hailu et al., 2016). CL is a major health risk that can cause variety of diseases ranging from self-healing infections to chronic disfiguring disease (Scott & Novais 2016). CL is characterized by the formation of abscess and chronic inflammation of skin (Rabia et al., 2020). It varies from tinny nodules to plaques and ulcer like lesion on the surface of skin (Batool et al., 2021).
Effectiveness of hydrogen peroxide treatments in preventing biofilm clogging in drip irrigation systems applying treated wastewater
Published in Biofouling, 2022
Nathan Japhet, Jorge Tarchitzky, Yona Chen
Farmers generally treat their DI systems by periodically applying highly concentrated chemicals and flushing the lateral lines. There are two main chemical treatments: (1) acidification to remove chemical fouling, specifically CaCO3 precipitation in Israeli DI systems; and (2) biocides such as sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), calcium hypochlorite (Ca(ClO)2) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (Katz et al. 2014). Chemical treatments for inactivating microorganisms are based on exposing the microorganisms to a disinfectant. Two of the most common disinfectants used are chlorine species and hydrogen peroxide. Chlorination prevents biofilm formation by killing bacteria and/or inhibiting bacterial reproduction and is the least expensive method for treating clogging due to biofouling (Li et al. 2010). Common sources for active chlorine include chlorine gas (Cl2(g)), sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl(l)), and calcium hypochlorite (Ca(ClO)2(s)) (Nakayama et al. 2007). This group has found, however, that treatment with NaOCl or HOCl could damage the diaphragm in the pressure-compensating emitter, leading to reduced emitter performance (Green et al. 2018).
A rare case of congenital piloleiomyoma of the eyelid
Published in Orbit, 2021
Shahid Alam, Prabrisha Banerjee, Subramanian Krishnakumar
Cutaneous leiomyomas (CLs) are rare benign smooth muscle neoplasm of the skin. Rudolf Virchow first identified this entity in 1854 and he termed it as “tuberculum dolorosum”.1 Based on the site of origin, CL is classified as a) piloleiomyoma which is the tumor of the arrector pili muscle of the hair follicles, b) angioleiomyoma originating from the tunica media of the small to medium-sized vessels and c) dartoic or genital leiomyoma arising from the smooth muscle of genital skin.1,2 Piloleiomyoma is the most common variant of cutaneous leiomyoma.3 It usually affects the adult population. Extensor surface of limbs and trunk are the sites involved more commonly.1 Head and neck is an extremely rare site for piloleiomyoma.4 While acquired piloleiomyomas are the most common variant of leiomyomas; their congenital variant is extremely rare.5 Congenital piloleiomyoma arising from the eyelid has never been reported in the literature and we for the first time are reporting a congenital piloleiomyoma of the eyelid. The child’s parents gave informed consent for the publication of the photograph for research purpose and the case report adhered to the tenets of Declaration of Helsinki.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Electron Affinity
- Fluorine
- Hydrogen Chloride
- Oxide
- Oxidizing Agent
- Oxygen
- Salt
- Ammonium Chloride
- Mercury(Ii) Chloride
- Ion