Halogenated hydrocarbons
Bev-Lorraine True, Robert H. Dreisbach in Dreisbach’s HANDBOOK of POISONING, 2001
Carbon tetrachloride is a clear, nonflammable liquid that produces a sweet odor when it evaporates. It is consumed in the synthesis of chlorofluorocarbons that are heat transfer agents in refrigeration equipment and as aerosol propellants. CCl4 has been used as an industrial solvent, as an extracting agent for removing stains from furniture, as a component in fire extinguishers, and prior to 1969, was used as a waterless shampoo. The largest source of its release was when it was used to fumigate grains. However, in 1986 its use for fumigation was banned except for preservation of museum artifacts. There have been attempts to restrict the use of chlorofluorocarbons because they are thought to deplete the ozone layer; however, carbon tetrachloride is still used for many purposes in European and Third World countries.
Inhalant Abuse
John Brick in Handbook of the Medical Consequences of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, 2012
Liver injury secondary to hepatocellular necrosis has been reported after exposure to certain chlorinated hydrocarbons, mainly trichloroethylene, carbon tetrachloride, and 1,1,1-trichloroethane. Tricloroethylene (TCE) was originally used as an obstetric general anesthetic but has been banned in the United States because of an association with trigeminal neuropathies (Cavanagh and Buxton, 1989; Mitchell and Parsons-Smith, 1969). TCE is used in typewriter correction fluid, paint removers, spot removers, furniture strippers, and degreasers. Carbon tetrachloride was widely used as a dry-cleaning agent and a constituent of fire extinguishers in the 1930s. Fatalities from thermal decomposition of carbon tetrachloride to phosgene gas led to the banning of its use in fire extinguishers in the 1960s. The FDA banned the use of carbon tetrachloride as a dry-cleaning agent in the 1970s. Presently, carbon tetrachloride is used in the production of solvents, aerosol propellants, and fluorocarbon refrigerants. Although carbon tetrachloride poisoning is commonly associated with chronic abuse, acute poisoning does not frequently occur. 1,1,1-trichloroethane is one of the most commonly abused solvents and is presently used as a metal cleaner, degreaser, aerosol propellant, and pesticide.
Organic Chemicals
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel in Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
Carbon tetrachloride is used in the manufacturing of fluorocarbon propellants. It is used as a solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber, waxes, and resins. It is also used as a degreasing and cleaning agent and as a fumigant.100 It is found in worm killers, fire extinguishers, shampoos, and bathroom cleaners.101,102 CCI4 is a toxic substance that can enter the body by several routes, including the skin, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract. It is highly toxic to the liver and kidney.103 Large acute exposures result in liver necrosis. Exposures can result in mucous membrane irritation, CNS depression, and changes in blood cells and metabolism.103 Both acute and chronic exposures can be hazardous to health,104 resulting in the frequently noted symptoms of upset stomach, nausea, vomiting, drowsiness, headache, and dizziness.101 Alcohol potentiates the CCI4 intoxication.105–107 While fatalities have occurred following accidental or medicinal ingestion of CCI4, most deaths have resulted from inhalation of its vapors. Elkins101 reported a serious illness following “a few days exposure” to CCI4 levels of 130 ppm. Other reports detail illness occurring upon chronic exposure to concentrations of CCI4 between 25 and 100 ppm.108–112 Liver damage was seen in laboratory animals following daily exposures of 10 ppm, and questionable damage was observed in the guinea pig at 5 ppm.71
Re-evaluation of the anticarcinogenic effect of metformin in a chemically-induced hepatocellular carcinoma model not associated with diabetes
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2022
Fatima A. M. El-Deeb, Yomna I. Mahmoud, Nagwa H. A. Hassan
Diethylnitrosamine (DEN) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (0.95 g/ml; Sigma N0258-1 G; St. Louis, MO, USA). Carbon tetrachloride was obtained from Research Lab (Serial# 02076; Batch# 02076170415). Metformin hydrochloride (Glucophage® 1000 mg, equivalent to 780 mg of metformin) was bought from Minapharm (10th of Ramadan, Egypt). Kits for determining serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT; catalog # 41280), aspartate aminotransferase (AST; catalog # 41264), and albumin (ALB; catalog # 1001291) were purchased from SPINREACT, S.A./S.A.U. (Ctra. Santa. Coloma, Spain). Alkaline phosphatase (ALP; catalog # 214002) kit was from SPECTRUM Diagnostics (Cairo, Egypt). Bilirubin (Bil; catalog # 235672), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH; catalog # 197000) kits were from ABCAM (United Kingdom). Mouse alpha- fetoprotein (AFP) ELISA kit was from CUSABIO (Catalog # CSP- E08282m; San Diego, CA, USA).
Synergistic hepatoprotective effects of ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids from Indian flax and sesame seed oils against CCl4-induced oxidative stress-mediated liver damage in rats
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Sunil Chikkalakshmipura Gurumallu, Tareq Aqeel, Ashwini Bhaskar, Kannan Chandramohan, Rajesha Javaraiah
The liver is a vital organ that plays an important role in the detoxification of xenobiotics, drugs, viral infections, and chronic alcoholism (Hsouna et al. 2019). Carbon tetrachloride is a well-known hepatotoxicant used to induce liver damage, which involves cytochrome P450-mediated metabolic biotransformation of highly reactive metabolites, which initiate the oxidation of cellular structures and cause several diseases such as diabetes mellitus, cancer, atherosclerosis, and neurodegenerative disorders (Essawy et al.2018, Hsouna et al. 2019). In recent years, there are upsurges in the prevalence of various degenerative and chronic diseases, including cancer, in low, middle, and high-income countries worldwide, which has led to the consumption of drugs with various disadvantages like expensive, consumption for a long time, different side effects, and interactions with other molecules, drug resistance and contraindications (Wells and Stock 2020). Consequently, the interest of consumers is being shifted toward health-promoting and disease preventive natural bioactives, which exhibit their synergistic and combinatorial potencies with each other and/or also with drugs as nutraceutical and therapeutic agents, respectively.
Ameliorative effect of chitosan nanoparticles against carbon tetrachloride-induced nephrotoxicity in Wistar rats
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Yousra A. Nomier, Saeed Alshahrani, Mahmoud Elsabahy, Gihan F. Asaad, Azza Hassan, Walaa A. El-Dakroury
Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is an organic compound widely used in the manufacturing of cleaning agents and solvents, and in the synthesis of chlorofluorocarbons (Unsal et al. 2021). However, CCl4-induced nephrotoxicity may be due to oxidative stress and free radicals which is mediated by cytochrome P450 located in the renal proximal tubules (Ronis et al. 1998). Proinflammatory cytokines possess a pivotal role in inflammation and immunity as well as cellular proliferation, migration, and adhesion. Interleukins and tumour necrosis factors are involved in the upregulation of inflammatory responses (Hamid et al. 2017). CCl4 was also implicated in cell apoptosis which leads to various alterations in cellular morphology such as cell shrinkage, DNA fragmentation, and mRNA decay (Safhi 2018). Cellular apoptosis is initiated by the activation of caspase 9 (initiator caspase) followed by the activation of caspase 3 (executioner caspase) causing cellular death due to protein degradation (Rudel 1999).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Atom
- Central Nervous System
- Chemical Compound
- Molecule
- Iupac Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry
- Chemical Formula
- Fire Extinguisher
- Refrigerant
- Heating, Ventilation, & Air Conditioning
- Chlorine