Rationale and technique of malaria control
David A Warrell, Herbert M Gilles in Essential Malariology, 2017
Coastal swamp drainage presents special problems related to the topography of the shoreline, tidal levels, outflow of rivers, climate, coastal vegetation and many other factors. The silt carried by rivers tends to settle and forms deltas with lagoons that turn into swamps. Sand carried by tides and waves forms river bars, behind which brackish water is retained and where several species of important malaria vectors (e.g. A. melas, A. sundaicus) breed profusely. Some coastal swamps may be drained by constructing embankments (bunds) to prevent the inflow of seawater at high tides. Fitting large pipes into the bunds with an automatic outflow gate allows for the removal of water from the lagoon into the sea (Figure 6.18). In other conditions, large sluices (tide gates) operated manually or mechanically, let out the water from the bunded area. When the land slope or low tides make it impossible to operate drainage by gravity, pumping may be necessary (Figure 6.19).
Rural water supply
Sandy Cairncross, Richard Feachem in Environmental Health Engineering in the Tropics, 2018
Care is required to prevent surface water from running into the spring box and polluting the water in it. Puddled clay should be used to backfill behind the box to seal the ground against infiltration. The top of the spring box should be at least 300 mm above the ground and the access hole should have a raised lip around it (Figure 5.2) and a cover which is not easily removed. In addition, a ditch may be dug on the uphill side of the spring and the excavated soil thrown up into a bank or ‘bund’ (Figure 5.3) to divert surface water. Finally, a fence or prickly hedge planted on the bund will help to keep people and animals away. This prevents them from bringing contamination into the area just upstream of the spring, where the groundwater is closest to the surface.
Patient safety and clinical risk management in Germany
John Tingle, Pippa Bark in Patient Safety, Law Policy and Practice, 2011
A further significant factor, contributing to the more devolved nature of health care provision in Germany is the federal character of the political system. Thus, in relation to hospitals, the applicable law regulating them is a matter for each of the individual states (Länder) as opposed to the federal government (Bund). Doctors, both in primary care and in hospitals, are subject to a dual system of control. First, they must be licensed to practise by the federal level approbation (licensing) authority; second, they are obliged to join, and are subject to the professional rules of, the relevant regional medical council (Landesärztekammer) for the particular state (Land) in which they practise.4
Accelerative effect of topical Zataria multiflora essential oil against infected wound model by modulating inflammation, angiogenesis, and collagen biosynthesis
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2021
Mohammad Reza Farahpour, Sara Sheikh, Elham Kafshdooz, Ali Sonboli
To wash the slides, acetic acid 1% was used for several minutes. The slides were stained using acridine-orange. Phosphate buffer was utilized to remove staining. The slides were the washed in distilled water, mounted with buffer drop and analyzed with a fluorescent microscope. The bunds with red and yellowish red colour were considered as collagen bunds (Farahpour et al. 2018).
Criteria to Assess Independence in Continuing Medical Education (CME): Independence through Competence and Transparency
Published in Journal of European CME, 2020
Hans-Albert Gehle, Henrik Herrmann
There is an urgent need to provide a binding definition of the formal and professional requirements to be fulfilled by a “medical expert”. For this purpose, the medical profession should agree on a transparent process, and a procedure must be defined by doctors to achieve this. Institutions including expert opinions in their decision-making processes should make public based on which criteria experts have been selected and to which extent they have taken influence on their decisions.Sponsored CME is subject to several non-coordinated legal regulations, i.e. professional, competition, social, tax, labour, and collective bargaining law. In the application of regulations to partners, attempts are increasingly made to act at the expense of the freedom of medical information. However, complete availability of all relevant data for decision-making in diagnostics and treatment to improve patient health is just as indispensable as their critical weighting in collegial dialogue. Marburger Bund therefore condemns all endeavours and measures which (could) lead to any restrictions (due to primarily economically motivated reasons). This includes withholding of clinical studies with a neutral or negative outcome by the sponsors,all attempts of hospital owners to influence which CME activity may be pursued by their employees,information organised by manufacturers and presented to specially selected groups of doctors,the influence of sponsors on the selection of speakers/authors, CME content, etc.Furthermore, Marburger Bund calls on all involved medical professional parties to develop a concept under the leadership of the German Medical Association which, based on primacy of independence of medical information and an unrestricted exchange of medical information, provides a detailed description of the possibilities and limitations of third-party financial support of CME [31,32].
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