Impact of Sulphur Dioxide Deposition on Medicinal Plants' Growth and Production of Active Constituents
Azamal Husen in Environmental Pollution and Medicinal Plants, 2022
Industries, thermal power plants, and automobiles are the sources of atmospheric pollution, creating various pollutants by reacting with temperature, light and humidity (Husen 1997, 2021). The chemicals present in the air travel far away from their origin point and affect the ecosystems and broad regional locations (Figure 4.1). Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) are the major chemical precursors leading to acidic conditions in the atmosphere by reacting with oxygen, water, and sunlight. The wet (acidic rain, fog, snow) and dry (acidic gas, particles) parts of acid deposition in the atmosphere fall onto plants. Acid deposition is an example of the accumulation of acids and oxides from the atmosphere in the form of gas, rain, snow, or particulates that begin mainly from human activities (Abbasi et al. 2013). As a result, sulphuric acid (H2SO4) and nitric acids (HNO3) are deposited on vegetation. About 60–70 per cent of the acid deposition found throughout the world is SO2. Only 10 per cent of sulphur in the atmosphere is from natural sources, the remaining 90 per cent being anthropogenic (Ramadan 2004).
Metals
Frank A. Barile in Barile’s Clinical Toxicology, 2019
Two major sources of Hg deposition in the environment are the natural degassing of the earth’s crust and the leaching of sediment. This natural source of contamination is estimated at 25,000 to 150,000 tons of Hg per year, which binds to organic or inorganic particles and to sediment that has a high sulfur content. Although discharges of Hg have been strictly regulated, some industrial activities still release substantial quantities of the metal. For example, fossil fuel contains as much as l.0 ppm. Since 1973, approximately 5000–10,000 tons of Hg per year has been discharged from burning coal, natural gas, and the refining of petroleum products, with one-third of the atmospheric Hg due to industrial releases. The element is used in a number of products, including thermometers, barometers, electrical apparatus, paints, and pharmaceuticals.
‘New’ Recombinant Ecologies and their Implications – with Insights from Britain
Kezia Barker, Robert A. Francis in Routledge Handbook of Biosecurity and Invasive Species, 2021
However, from the heartlands of urban rivers and ‘urban commons’ (Gilbert, 1992a, 1992b), for example, it is clear that some species are capable of spreading more widely to form hybrid communities in the wider countryside. This can then become a major conservation concern, although realistically (Rotherham, 2014a, 2015) the process is, to some extent at least, inevitable. Furthermore, it has been happening for many centuries and in many countries. We can discuss the scale of colonisation and the acceptability or not of its likely impacts, but by and large they will happen. Additionally, in Britain the ecological systems of the wider countryside have already been traumatised by widespread landscape transformations such as agriculture, forestry, transport infrastructure and major extractive industries. There is also widespread pollution of land, air and water from all of these activities. While some atmospheric impacts include the almost ubiquitous deposition of nitrogen, in the past there was widespread fallout of sulphur and associated smoke and soot. In areas around and downwind of urban and industrial centres, this was especially extreme.
Metal bioaccumulation in selected tissues of barb (Barbus sp.) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio, Linnaeus 1758) from the Keban Dam Lake, Turkey
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2020
Durali Danabas, Filiz Kutluyer, Mesut Ural, Mehmet Kocabaş
In wetlands, biological transport and atmospheric deposition are main sources of mercury (Hg) accumulation (Liu et al.2002, Zhilong et al.2017). Atmospheric deposition of Hg increases in the consequence of anthropogenic activity due to industrial emissions (Lindberg et al.2007). Hg enters organisms via accumulation and converting methylmercury (MeHg) and, the health of wildlife and human beings is negatively affected by Hg or its organometallic compounds as a result of reaching threshold concentration (Paterson et al.1998, Wang et al.2002, Sunderland et al.2004, Zhilong et al.2017). In the present study, Hg contents in all organs were high in S3 for two species. The source of Hg pollution could be Cr factory. The health of local residents can be affected by excessive Hg contents through fish consumption.
Evaluation of trace elements concentration in surface sediments of Parishan International Wetland (Fars Province, SW Iran) by using geochemical and sedimentological analysis
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Amir Karimian Torghabeh, Sayed Fakhreddin Afzali, Ashkan Jahandari, Mohamad Hosein Mahmudy Gharaie, Omar Ali Al-Khashman
In terrestrial environments, lake sediments are considered a valuable repository to the assess the behavior of heavy metals and their source, because they frequently act as ultimate sinks for anthropogenic emissions, such as those resulting from the use of fertilizers, mining, burning of fossil fuels, vehicle transport, etc. (Eby 2016). Many of these emissions include heavy metals released as particulate matter to air and deposited on land surface and water bodies incorporates pond and lakes too (Liang et al.2018, Karimian Torghabeh et al.2019a,b, Patel et al.2018). Raining and anthropic runoff (agricultural, industrial, and household) transport heavy metals, which eventually end up in water bodies and sediments (e.g. Ambedkar et al. 2017, Yazidi et al.2017). Different studies have been done to show the different origins of trace elements. For example, sediments of the Maharlou hyper saline lake in Iran, show extremely high enrichment of Sr and high enrichment of Ni, both related to the sedimentary bed rock, and high enrichments of As and Cd due to agricultural waste water leaching into the lake (Karimian Torghabeh et al.2018). Two other examples from China show atmospheric deposition as the main source for Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn input to Erhai Lake surface sediments (Lin et al.2016), and industrial activities, agricultural and domestic wastewater as the main sources of Cd, Cu, Zn, and Pb pollution in Poyang Lake (Dai et al.2018).
Bridging inhaled aerosol dosimetry to physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling for toxicological assessment: nicotine delivery systems and beyond
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2019
A. R. Kolli, A. K. Kuczaj, F. Martin, A. W. Hayes, M. C. Peitsch, J. Hoeng
The total deposited dose of an aerosol is dependent on both particulate (i.e. solid and/or liquid) and gaseous phases. Primary mechanisms of particle deposition include impaction, diffusion, interception, sedimentation, and electrostatic precipitation, as shown in Figure 3 (Hinds 2012; Nordlund and Kuczaj 2015). It must be noted that modulation of the physical aerosol characteristics mentioned earlier (particle size distribution) directly affects the magnitude and subsequently the physical location of the aerosol deposition governed by these mechanisms. The absorption of gases depends on several factors, such as solubility, diffusivity, surrounding temperature, humidity, and concentration (Nordlund and Kuczaj 2015). Combination of both phenomena (aerosol particles deposition and gas phase absorption) contributes to the overall substance-specific dosimetry quantification. These substances are then either further absorbed into the lung tissue structure or cleared by MCC.
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