Deficient Phonological Processing in Disabled Readers Implicates Processing Deficits Beyond the Phonological Module
Kees P. van den Bos, Linda S. Siegel, Dirk J. Bakker, David L. Share in Current Directions in Dyslexia Research, 2020
The phonological specificity of these findings is neatly accommodated within Baddeley’s (1990;1992) model of working memory. According to Baddeley, working memory consists of a central executive which supervises and coordinates a number of subsidiary slave systems, one of which, the “phonological loop”, is responsible for the processing of speech-based material. The available evidence clearly localizes poor readers’ difficulties in the phonological loop subsystem. This system is itself assumed to comprise two components; a phonological store capable of holding speech-based information for about one and a half to two seconds, and an articulatory control process which can maintain/recycle information in the phonological store via subvocal rehearsal. The articulatory control process is also equipped to convert visual information such as numerals, letters and nameable objects into a phonological code and register it in the phonological store.
The development of memory
David Cohen in How the child's mind develops, 2017
Working memory – working memory is a highly influential theory devised by Professor Alan Baddeley of Bristol University and Graham Hitch (Baddeley 1997). They claimed working memory is longer than short-term memory, but shorter than long-term memory. The main components of working memory are an articulatory loop, in which words and sounds are stored for up to two seconds, and the visuo-spatialsketch pad, which stores and manipulates images for again a matter of seconds. Both work together with the central executive, which uses information from the loop and the sketch pad to reason or to provide solutions to problems. The executive acts on these verbal and visual flickers of memory to produce actions. From the developmental point of view, the key question is again when these three components start to function.
Memory
Andrea Utley in Motor Control, Learning and Development, 2018
Many experiments and researchers proved that STM is not a fixed storage place, but rather a mechanism for processing items or information. Baddeley and Hitch (1974) argued that the concept of the STM should be replaced with working memory. The working memory system consists of three components: central executive: proposed as the control system of the model, responsible for strategy selection, planning, monitoring task performance and coordinating the other two components of the working memoryphonological loop: responsible for manipulating and maintaining speech-based information within the working memoryvisuospatial sketchpad: responsible for the generation, manipulation and retention of visual images.
Relationship Between Dual-Task Walking and Level of Conflict Between Gait and Concurrent Tasks in Adolescents
Published in Journal of Motor Behavior, 2023
Eda Cinar, Bradford J. McFadyen, Isabelle Gagnon
In this study, we aimed to explicitly determine the role of resource conflict in DT effects occurring between gait and concurrent tasks. To do this, we used three different versions of a working memory task (n-back task) because of its relevance to DT performance in daily activities. Working memory is defined as a cognitive mechanism where information is temporarily stored and manipulated under attentional control in an active state for use in ongoing tasks (Furley & Memmert, 2010; Luxton et al., 2014). Children in daily life perform various working memory tasks while walking (e.g., remembering a shopping list or performing an arithmetic task). Thus, to mimic real life conditions, we used three versions of an n-back task, namely a visual-manual n-back, a visual-vocal n-back and an auditory-vocal n-back, which were equivalent in terms of resource demand and where we controlled the baseline accuracy at the individual level.
Increased activity in the right prefrontal cortex measured using near-infrared spectroscopy during a flower arrangement task
Published in International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 2018
Yuka Morita, Fumio Ebara, Yoshimitsu Morita, Etsuo Horikawa
The purpose of our study was to objectively evaluate the physiological effects of an FAP task in healthy individuals. The FAP produced brain activation in the right PFC on NIRS. The PFC plays a critical role in working memory, which refers to a cognitive system that allows the maintenance and manipulation of memory information over short periods of time. This system is involved in many forms of complex cognition such as learning, reasoning, problem solving and language comprehension. Working memory is postulated to include a central executive control system that monitors two independent subsystems, namely, a visuospatial sketchpad for spatial processing and a phonological loop for non-spatial and primarily verbal information processing. Working memory function via the central executive system is thought to be strongly dependent on the frontal lobes (Baddeley, 1996), specifically the right PFC, for visuospatial working memory (Bor, Duncan, Lee, Parr, & Owen, 2006; Jonides et al., 1993). Our results suggest that the FAP, similar to the BTT, stimulated and possibly enhanced visuospatial working memory.
Frequency discrimination and non-lexical reading in children with auditory processing disorders: a preliminary study
Published in Speech, Language and Hearing, 2019
Emilie Lam, Willem van Steenbrugge, Sarosh Kapadia, Christopher Lind
Others have proposed that the association between FD and reading might be attributed to poor working memory and more specifically, phonological memory (Ahissar, 2007; Ahissar, Lubin, Putter-Katz, & Banai, 2006). Phonological memory refers to the working memory capacity to store phonological representations during processing. It is considered to be part of phonological processing (Ramus & Szenkovits, 2008; Wagner et al., 1999). Weaker working/ phonological memory capacity has also been shown in individuals with SRD (Ramus & Szenkovits, 2008; Wagner et al., 1999). Ahissar et al. (2006) proposed that individuals with SRD might have a defect in storing, and subsequently accessing, stimulus-specific short-term memory representations. Poorer memory traces of the stimuli made it more difficult to compare them and to make accurate discriminations between these stimuli. Hence, poor working memory capacity could result in poor performance on FD and reading.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Memory
- Short-Term Memory
- Cognitive Psychology
- Neuroscience
- Computational Theory of Mind
- Atkinson–Shiffrin Memory Model
- Prefrontal Cortex
- Baddeley'S Model of Working Memory
- Attention
- Episodic Memory