Application of the neuropsychological evaluation in vocational planning after brain injury
Robert T. Fraser, David C. Clemmons in Traumatic Brain Injury Rehabilitation, 2017
There is also a distinction between verbal and visual-spatial memory. Verbal memory refers to information that is either read or heard. Reading information in this text (assuming you are wide-awake and concentrating) is employing your verbal short-term memory ability. Remembering the figures in this book may be a combination of both verbal and spatial memory because some of the information is written and other parts pictorial. Spatial memory also refers to recalling information that is seen in a three-dimensional space. When cabinetmakers look at a kitchen for remodeling purposes, they are imagining certain cabinets fitting into a certain space. The space involves three dimensions: height, width, and depth. If this person eyeballs a microwave oven fitting into a certain space, he or she is employing spatial memory by recalling the size of a space and matching it with the visualization of the microwave oven. Verbal and spatial memory are not independent functions but work as a part of a system involving sensory input, attentional skills, problem-solving, and memory ability. Other useful distinctions can involve memory with a context (e.g., an informational paragraph) and random items (e.g., a list of unassociated words). Depending upon a job goal, different effects of memory concerns can have significant vocational implications.
Youth Hockey
Mark R. Lovell, Ruben J. Echemendia, Jeffrey T. Barth, Michael W. Collins in Traumatic Brain Injury in Sports, 2020
From a practical aspect, the psychometric test results suggest that decreased memory for verbal material may be the cognitive ability that demonstrates the greatest initial decline following a concussion in younger athletes, even when the player experiences a low grade concussion. Moreover, recovery rates for verbal memory loss in younger individuals may vary substantially. Recovery was not felt to be affected by the severity of the concussion in this small sample as all players were judged to have experienced a Grade 1 concussion based on the sideline assessment performed by a qualified coach or trainer. Verbal memory is a complicated process that is composed of several different processes that includes but certainly is not limited to attention, consolidation, and retrieval. This finding, while based on a very small sample, suggests that perhaps more focus should be placed on assessing verbal information processing, verbal recall, effects of interference on learning and recall for verbal material, and recovery rates for junior league players experiencing a concussion. Larger sample sizes (perhaps by utilizing many different teams in large scale collaborative studies) and using other sophisticated measures such as the Wechsler Memory Scale-III or the California Verbal Learning Test-II might help provide further information concerning recovery rates and potential residual effects following a concussion. However, many of these tests do not have multiple parallel forms and therefore may be particularly suspect to practice effects.
MRCPsych Paper A1 Mock Examination 4: Answers
Melvyn WB Zhang, Cyrus SH Ho, Roger Ho, Ian H Treasaden, Basant K Puri in Get Through, 2016
Explanation: Episodic memory (early loss of recent events) deficits are an early feature of Alzheimer’s disease. Certain parts of the brain show volume reductions with age, especially the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Both are important for the functioning of episodic memory, which plays a critical role in remembering past events. Verbal memory depends on episodic memory and is affected earlier than semantic and procedural memories. In contrast to the steady declines in episodic memory across all decades of life, semantic memory (e.g. languages, objects, places, spatial relationships, social norms) is not only preserved, but also shows improvement until around the eighth decade of life. The preservation of a wide variety of semantic memory (i.e. knowledge about objects and their relationships) has been demonstrated for both healthy elderly adults and patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Spatial awareness (e.g. remembering visuospatial information) is part of the semantic memory and affected later than procedural memory (e.g. bicycle riding) because procedural memory is affected by speed and reaction time. Elderly with or without dementia may perform these tasks more slowly owing to other factors such as arthritis and muscle weakness.
The effect of age of first exposure to competitive fighting on cognitive and other neuropsychiatric symptoms and brain volume
Published in International Review of Psychiatry, 2020
Barry R. Bryant, Bharat R. Narapareddy, Michael J. C. Bray, Lisa N. Richey, Akshay Krieg, Guogen Shan, Matthew E. Peters, Charles B. Bernick
Cognitive testing results are presented as composite scores. The CNS Vital Signs clinical report scores were broken down into four domains including Verbal Memory, Processing Speed, Psychomotor Speed, and Reaction Time (Gualtieri & Johnson, 2006). Verbal memory is a combination of immediate recognition and delayed recognition of a 15-item word list; processing speed is the total number correct on a symbol digit coding task; psychomotor speed combines the number correct on coding with the finger tapping score; and reaction time is measured by the Stroop task. Scores were reported for six domains of the iComet C3 including the Balance Error Scoring System (BESS), Trails A, Trails B, Processing Speed, Simple Reaction Time, and Choice Reaction Time (Borges, Raab, & Lininger, 2017).
Assessment of cognitive performances in major depressed patients: a 6-month follow-up study
Published in International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 2021
Bianca Daniela Suciu, Ramona Liana Păunescu, Ioana Valentina Micluţia
During the depression phase, almost all cognitive functions revealed significant statistical deficits (p<.001) when the patients were compared to healthy controls. Our data and the results from Wagner et al. study, which also evaluated patients with MDD, found important deficits on semantic verbal fluency when compared with normal subjects (Wagner et al. 2012). In contrast, McLure did not find any verbal fluency impairments in a young depressed group compared to normal controls (McClure et al. 1997). Verbal memory was another cognitive area affected in the present study. For all five verbal memory trials, depressed patients recorded each time a smaller number of words, when compared to controls and also, there was a smaller progression in the number of words remembered after each try, these results being consistent with another study (Dario et al. 2019).
A research primer for studies of cognitive changes across the menopause transition
Published in Climacteric, 2021
With the focus on patient-centered outcomes, and with evidence that subjective complaints relate to objective performance in the menopause, researchers may consider implementing standardized questionnaires of cognitive complaints. For memory complaints specifically, the Multifactorial Memory Function Questionnaire has been used in Australian studies [55] and the Memory Function Questionnaire (MFQ) has been used in studies in the USA [45,47]. Consistent with other work [56], one item from the MFQ – ‘How would you rate your memory in terms of the kinds of problems that you have’? – correlated with verbal memory performance in midlife women. Other studies have created their own questionnaire [46,57,58] or have used a daily diary [59]. Use of standardized questionnaires allows more straightforward comparisons across studies.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Cognitive Psychology
- Explicit Memory
- Sensory Memory
- Spatial Memory
- Temporal Lobe
- Semantic Memory
- Lateralization of Brain Function
- Visual Memory