ENTRIES A–Z
Philip Winn in Dictionary of Biological Psychology, 2003
(Latin, globus pallidus: pale globe) This structure forms the medial portion of the LENTIFORM NUCLEUS and comprises an external (lateral) and an internal (medial) segment; PALLIDUM and pallidal are terms used descriptively about the globus pallidus. The internal pallidal segment (known as the ENTOPEDUNCULAR NUCLEUS in the rat brain) is closely related anatomically and functionally to the pars reticulata of the SUBSTANTIA NIGRA. Pallidal neurons contain the neurotransmitter GABA and are larger than the typical striatal MEDIUM SPINY NEURONS, which are the main source of AFFERENT supply to the pallidum. External segment pallidal neurons project to the SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS, which in turn projects to the internal pallidal segment/substantia nigra pars reticulata (the 'indirect path'—see DIRECT AND INDIRECT STRIATAL OUTPUT PATHWAYS). Internal pallidal segment neurons (as well as substantia nigra pars reticulata neurons) project primarily to the ventral anterior nucleus of the THALAMUS, but also to the SUPERIOR COLLICULUS and PEDUNCULOPONTINE TEGMENTAL NUCLEUS. These parts of the globus pallidus are generally termed the DORSAL PALLIDUM, emphasizing their connection with the dorsal STRIATUM. There is an equivalent VENTRAL PALLIDUM which rcceives its afferents primarily from the ventral striatum and projects in turn mainly to the MEDIODORSAL NUCLEUS OF THE THALAMUS.
The Central Nervous System Organization of Behavior
Rolland S. Parker in Concussive Brain Trauma, 2016
Sensory relay paths to the cortex and subcortical structures lie in the dorsal thalamus. The cortex sends topographically ordered projections to the respective thalamic relay centers. The thalamus then relays information between sensory, motor, and associative brain regions. Thalamic midline and intralaminar nuclei are a relay station for incoming impulses from the brainstem reticular formation, projecting to the ventral anterior nucleus and thence to the cortex (Ge & Grossman, 2008).
The Arbitrary Mapping of Sensory Inputs to Voluntary and Involuntary Movement: Learning-Dependent Activity in the Motor Cortex and Other Telencephalic Networks
Alexa Riehle, Eilon Vaadia in Motor Cortex in Voluntary Movements, 2004
The ventral anterior nucleus of the thalamus (VA) receives input from a main output nucleus of the basal ganglia, the internal segment of the globus pallidus, and projects to PF and rostral PM. In an experiment reported by Canavan et al.,91 radiofrequency lesions were centered in VA. Monkeys in this experiment first learned a single, two- choice arbitrary sensorimotor mapping problem to a learning criterion of 90% correct. The experiment involved a lesion group and a control group. After the
Thalamocortical neural responses during hyperthermia: a resting-state functional MRI study
Published in International Journal of Hyperthermia, 2018
Jing Zhang, Shaowen Qian, Qingjun Jiang, Guanzhong Gong, Kai Liu, Bo Li, Yong Yin, Gang Sun
Considering prior findings of specific functions of orbital frontal cortex on thermal sensation, regulation and emotions during heat stress [6,9], the frontopolar/ACC was divided as a single cortical ROI from the prefrontal subdivision. We found weakened thalamic-frontopolar/ACC connectivity, specifically, between the ventral anterior nucleus and left pulvinar in the thalamus and the medial superior frontal gyrus and ACC. The orbitofrontal cortex and ACC associated with the behavioural thermal regulation have wide-spread connectivity with the ventral part of the thalamus. The orbital frontal cortex and ACC usually respond to discomfort sensation of thermal stimuli [6]. Given the evidence that the orbital frontal cortex and ACC contribute to some vegetative behaviours and widespread fibres with thalamus, the decreased functional connectivity may relate to an affective component of thermal sensation and regulation responses [31]. Passive hyperthermia caused negative affectivity for thermal sensation and comfort, which might drive the participant to trigger conscious decisions to preserve thermal balance or escape from the noxious thermal stimuli when it is possible (e.g. remove the body from the thermal lab suit or expect the experiment to end earlier).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Premotor Cortex
- Ventral Lateral Nucleus
- Basal Ganglia
- Thalamus
- Afferent Nerve Fiber
- Globus Pallidus
- Efferent Nerve Fiber