Pineal Parenchymal Tumor of Intermediate Differentiation
Dongyou Liu in Tumors and Cancers, 2017
Tumors arising in the pineal area are heterogeneous in nature and include the pineal parenchymal tumor, pineoblastoma, pineocytoma, germ cell tumor, and papillary tumor of the pineal region. The pineal region is defined as an area surrounded by the splenium of the corpus callosum and tela choroidea dorsally, the quadrigeminal plate and midbrain tectum ventrally, the posterior aspect of the third ventricle rostrally, and the cerebellar vermis caudally. Pineal tumors account for greater than one percent of all primary brain tumors in Europe and North America but are more common in Asian countries. The clinical signs of pineal area tumors may include raised intracranial pressure and/or focal neurological symptoms related to the presence of the pineal tumor itself. The duration of symptoms before diagnosis is related to tumor growth velocity. Pineal parenchymal tumor of intermediate differentiation is associated with a good outcome, with a median progression-free survival of >5 years and median overall survival between 13 and 15 years.
SUBDIVISIONS
Alan Longstaff in BIOS Instant Notes in Neuroscience, 2005
Mossy fiber input and climbing fiber input are organized topographically, giving somatotopic maps in the cerebellar cortex that are retained in the deep cerebellar nuclei, and in their output to the thalamus and red nucleus. The cerebellar cortex has several maps which exhibit fractured somatotopy (see Fig. 1) and encode visual and auditory input from the tectum as well as somatosensory input. Each of these representations is actually three maps in register. One is formed by mossy fiber input, a second is corticopontine input and the third is an output map that preserves a somatotopic projection of movements.
PART X: GW5 SAGITTAL
Shirley A. Bayer, Joseph Altman in The Human Brain During the Early First Trimester, 2008
Inferior colliculus Superior colliculus Spinal cord Inferior colliculus Superior colliculus Anterior midline Posterior midline Pretectum BRAINSTEM FLEXURES 1. Medullary 2. Pontine 3. Mesencephalic 4. Diencephalic Right side Left side Right side Left side Figure 9. A, The lateral view of the left side of a computer-aided 3-D reconstruction of the brain and upper cervical spinal cord in C8314, the preceding GW5 specimen, which has a similar crown-rump length to C8966 (8 mm and 7.1 mm, respectively). External features are identified as in Figure 8B. The heavy numbered lines refer to brainstem flexures (boxed key).
Stimulus encoding within the barn owl optic tectum using gamma oscillations vs. spike rate: A modeling approach
Published in Network: Computation in Neural Systems, 2013
The optic tectum of the barn owl is a multimodal structure with multiple layers, with each layer topographically organized according to spatial receptive field. The response of a site to a stimulus can be measured as either spike rate or local field potential (LFP) gamma (25–90 Hz) power; within superficial layers, spike rate and gamma power spatial tuning curves are narrow and contrast-response functions rise slowly. Within deeper layers, however, spike rate tuning curves broaden and gamma power contrast-response functions sharpen. In this work, we employ a computational model to describe the inputs required to generate these transformations from superficial to deep layers and show that gamma power and spike rate can act as parallel information processing streams.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Changes in a Head and Neck Cancer Patient with Wernicke Encephalopathy and Visual Loss
Published in Neuro-Ophthalmology, 2011
Rimas V. Lukas, Juan Piantino, Susan Ksiazek, Jeffrey Nichols, Ezra E. W. Cohen, Daniel Haraf, Jacqueline Bernard, Kourosh Rezania
A woman suffering from cancer presented with headache, confusion, and blurred and double vision with an unsteady gait. Magnetic resonance imaging and lumbar puncture were normal. Subsequently her visual loss and mental status worsened: examination then revealed moderate confusion; light perception vision bilaterally; upbeat nystagmus in primary gaze with gaze evoked vertical and horizontal nystagmus; and disc swelling with retinal haemorrhages. Repeat magnetic resonance imaging showed changes in her thalami, caudate, periaqueductal gray matter, and tectum. A serum thiamine level was measured and she was treated with thiamine replacement for Wernicke encephalopathy. She had near complete recovery of vision, mentation, and eye movements. Optical coherence tomography showed swelling of the retinal nerve layer, and visually evoked potential demonstrated delayed signals consistent with optic nerve demyelination. The case is the first to demonstrate rapid onset of imaging changes having a documented normal scan nine days previously.
Melatonin Binding Sites in Senegal Sole: Day/Night Changes in Density and Location in Different Regions of the Brain
Published in Chronobiology International, 2008
Catarina Oliveira, José Fernando López‐Olmeda, María Jesus Delgado, Angel Luis Alonso‐Gómez, Francisco Javier Sánchez‐Vázquez
We localized melatonin binding sites in different brain regions (optic tectum, telencephalon, cerebellum, hypothalamus, olfactory bulbs, and medulla oblongata) of Senegal sole, a species of aquaculture interest, and checked day/night changes in density (Bmax) at mid‐light (ZT06) and mid‐dark (ZT18). Plasma melatonin was measured using a radioimmunoassay, while binding assays were performed using 2‐[125I]iodomelatonin as a radioligand. Plasma melatonin concentrations were significantly lower at mid‐light (189.5±46 pg/ml) than mid‐dark (455.5±163 pg/ml). Values of Bmax were statistically significantly higher in the optic tectum (5.6±0.6 and 12.3±1 fmol/mg prot, at mid‐light and mid‐dark, respectively) and in the cerebellum (7.7±1.1 and 10.6±1.3 fmol/mg prot, at mid‐light and mid‐dark, respectively). Significant day/night differences were only observed in these two tissues. These results show for the first time the distribution of melatonin binding sites within the brain of a flatfish species and their lack of down‐regulation.
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