Anatomical considerations
Hemanshu Prabhakar, Charu Mahajan, Indu Kapoor in Manual of Neuroanesthesia, 2017
This is divided into the diencephalon (central part) and the telencephalon or cerebrum. Hidden from the surface of the brain, the diencephalon consists of a dorsal thalamus and a ventral hypothalamus, and the subthalamus and epithalamus as its other divisions. The thalamus is an important station for all sensory systems except the olfactory pathway. The subthalamus consists of the cranial part of red nucleus and the substantia nigra. The epithalamus consists of the habenular nuclei and the pineal gland. The habenular nucleus is the center for integration of the olfactory, visceral, and somatic afferent pathways. The pineal gland does not contain nerve cells but adrenergic sympathetic fibers derived from the superior cervical sympathetic ganglia. The hypothalamus controls and integrates the functions of the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system and plays a vital role in maintaining body homeostasis.2
The patient with acute neurological problems
Peate Ian, Dutton Helen in Acute Nursing Care, 2020
The subthalamus is the most ventral part of the diencephalon and is wedged between the thalamus and the midbrain. It forms part of the basal ganglia and has a role in movement modulation. This is the target for deep brain stimulation (DBS), which is one of the treatments for Parkinson’s Disease (Alkemade 2013).
Non-Synonyms (Similar-Sounding)
Terence R. Anthoney in Neuroanatomy and the Neurologic Exam, 2017
Subthalamus (C&S, p. 54–55): An area inferior to the lateral portion of the thalamus, lying between the thalamus and the anterior tegmentum of the midbrain. It contains a large nucleus, called the subthalamic nucleus.
Neuroimaging with PET/CT in chronic traumatic encephalopathy: what nuclear medicine can do to move the field forward
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2022
Luca Filippi, Orazio Schillaci, Barbara Palumbo
A first report focusing on the potential of Tau-PET for the detection of tau-aggregates in individual at risk for CTE has been published in 2013 by Small et al [36]. The authors enrolled five retired professional football players aged 45 or older, affected by mild cognitive impairment (MCI), previously submitted to brain MRI to exclude other causes of dementia. All the subjects underwent brain PET with 18F-FDDNP: PET images were evaluated both visually and quantitatively through relative distribution volume (DVR) of the tracer in an ROI drawn on a specific cortical/subcortical area divided by that in the reference region (cerebellum). Furthermore, data carried out from football players were compared with those obtained by matched healthy controls. Professional players showed significantly higher uptake of 18F-FDDNP compared with controls in several subcortical areas (caudate, putamen, thalamus, subthalamus, midbrain); among cortical areas, amygdala showed meaningfully higher tau-deposition in retired players than in controls. Of note, the authors found a positive correlation between the entity of tracer uptake in a specific brain area and the number of concussive traumatic injuries received by the same region.
Progress regarding the context-of-use of tau as biomarker of Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative diseases
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2021
Nicole Campese, Giovanni Palermo, Claudia Del Gamba, Maria Francesca Beatino, Alessandro Galgani, Elisabetta Belli, Eleonora Del Prete, Alessandra Della Vecchia, Andrea Vergallo, Gabriele Siciliano, Roberto Ceravolo, Harald Hampel, Filippo Baldacci
Elevated tau deposition in PSP cases was observed in the basal ganglia, thalamus, dentate nucleus of the cerebellum, and midbrain [183–189]. However, an extensive overlap and age-dependent increase in both the PSP and control groups have been reported [184]. Significant differences in 18F-AV-1451 distribution between patients with PD and PSP, with increased uptake in the globus pallidus, midbrain, and subthalamus in PSP cases, have been also described [190,191]. Interestingly, in some studies, the radioligand accumulation correlated with the clinical disease severity [186,192,193], but the lack of correlations between tau binding and symptom severity was observed in the other cohorts [185,191]. A recent study by Whitwell and colleagues using flortaucipir reported that the clinical heterogeneity present in PSP is mirrored by anatomical and tau burden heterogeneity within the brain [194].
Vertical One-and-a-Half Syndrome with Pseudoabducens Palsy and Midbrain Horizontal Gaze Paresis
Published in Journal of Binocular Vision and Ocular Motility, 2022
Yasser Aladdin, Bader Shirah, Khurshid Khan
The supranuclear projections for vergence nuclei descend through the contralateral posterior thalamus before they decussate at the subthalamus. Interruption of these projections will disinhibit the oculomotor complex resulting in a tonic activation of MR.10 Pseudoabducens palsy is one disorder in the spectrum of vergence disorders, including other convergence and divergence disorders, including convergence spasm, thalamic esotropia, and convergence-retraction nystagmus.1,2,10 Thalamic esotropia may in fact have the same etiopathogenesis of pseudoabducens palsy because most rostral mesencephalic infarcts virtually extend into the thalamo-mesencephalic junction.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Diencephalon
- Internal Capsule
- Cerebrum
- Basal Ganglia
- Thalamus
- Hypothalamus
- White Matter
- Subthalamic Nucleus
- Globus Pallidus
- Grey Matter