Smith-Magenis Syndrome—A Developmental Disorder with Circadian Dysfunction
Merlin G. Butler, F. John Meaney in Genetics of Developmental Disabilities, 2019
The EEG sleep studies and wrist actigraphy studies provide more objective measures of sleep than parent reports. Clinical polysomnography can also be used to document primary sleep disorders such as sleep apnea and sleep stage-specific dysfunction within the clinical setting. Actigraphy is more tolerable and, therefore, can be used to estimate the dynamic relationship between behavior and sleep loss over a prolonged (weeks) duration at home. These EEG and actigraphy studies generally corroborate parental reports and show a significantly disrupted sleep pattern in SMS with frequent nocturnal arousals/awakenings and daytime sleepiness (4,5,17,55,71).Furthermore, REM-sleep abnormalities are present in over 60%, with the majority reported to have diminished REM sleep (5,17). Multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) findings indicate decreased sleep latency (<10in) in 50% (13/26), indicative of a significant sleep debt in persons with SMS (17). Dinnertime "sleep attacks" (i.e., falling suddenly asleep during evening meal) are prevalent. The dinner sleep attacks may represent a phase advance of the central circadian clock or a dysfunction of the sleep homeostat. Early reports described difficulties in falling asleep at bedtime (5,14), but current studies fail to fully support this finding (55,71).
Sleep research recording methods
Philip N. Murphy in The Routledge International Handbook of Psychobiology, 2018
Polysomnography (commonly abbreviated ‘PSG’, though I’ll use the full spelling herein), roughly translated from its Greek and Latin roots, means ‘many sleep writings’. Polysomnography is set of electrophysiological recordings used to identify sleep stages and sleep-related events. In preparation for a polysomnogram, a participant is instrumented with many non-invasive sensors to record electrical signals emanating to the skin surface from brain activity, eye movements, and muscle tone. These, and observation via camera or window, are the minimum information needed to discriminate when the participant is awake and in each sleep stage. For clinical research, sensors that monitor cardiorespiratory dysfunction and limb movements are additionally used to identify signs of sleep disorders.
Sleep and headache disorders
S.R. Pandi-Perumal, Meera Narasimhan, Milton Kramer in Sleep and Psychosomatic Medicine, 2017
The gold standard of objective sleep measurement remains polysomnography, or technologist-attended overnight assessment of multiple physiologic parameters including EEG, respiration, cardiac activity, and movement.58 Testing may be laboratory based, but may be unattended using ambulatory equipment. Polysomnography is necessary in order to document complex sleep-disordered breathing, narcolepsy, and parasomnias. When headache is evaluated in relation to sleep, polysomnography can identify specific sleep-stage and headache antecedents. Limited-channel EEG cassette recordings may be used to assess sleep parameters only.59 Unattended cardiorespiratory monitoring is increasingly utilized in order to assess obstructive sleep apnea.60
Effect of external sleep disturbance on sleep architecture in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women
Published in Climacteric, 2023
I. Virtanen, P. Polo-Kantola, U. Turpeinen, E. Hämäläinen, N. Kalleinen
Polysomnography was performed over three consecutive nights from 11 pm to 7 am. The first night was an adaptation night. The second night served as a reference night to the third, the disturbance night, during which blood samples were drawn from an intravenous line via a tube from the adjacent room every 20 min. To ensure stability of the intravenous line, the subject’s arm was loosely attached to the bed, causing continuous external sleep disturbance. For this study, sleep data from the second and third nights were compared. During the sleep phases, only red light was used in the bedroom when needed. The women stayed in the Sleep Research Centre mainly the evenings and nights during the sleep study periods: on the adaption night from 7 pm to 8 am, on the reference night from 7 pm to 1:30 pm and on the sleep disturbance night from 6 pm to 9:30 pm (the ending of the daytime blood collection procedure). The same procedure was repeated at the end of the MHT/placebo treatment period.
Short sleep duration and dementia: a narrative review
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2022
Emily R. Stephens, Ashish Sarangi, Jayasudha Gude
Sleep duration is linked not only to cognitive decline but to many other disorders that may contribute to the development of major NCD. Thus, improving sleep habits may impact the onset of major NCD directly or indirectly by improving related health conditions. Moreover, primary care screening for sleep disorders and early intervention may mitigate the risk of developing major NCD later in life. Polysomnography should be considered more frequently in individuals presenting with sleep issues. Pharmacological interventions (e.g., trazodone) and nonpharmacological interventions (cognitive behavioral therapy) may be useful for early intervention to improve sleep conditions and lower the risk of cognitive decline.21,22 Clinical trials assessing the efficacy of early interventions is warranted. Despite the role of sleep in the development of major NCD and related disease, it remains possible that adverse trends in metabolic and cardiovascular health—known risk factors for cognitive decline—will truncate the effects of improved sleep health in groups with comorbidities.23
Preliminary Validation of the Sleep and Concussion Questionnaire as an Outcome Measure for Sleep Following Brain Injury
Published in Brain Injury, 2021
Danielle Toccalino, Catherine Wiseman-Hakes, Dora M. Zalai
Polysomnography is a procedure that uses physiological parameters to assess sleep-related disorders (36). Data were collected using a XLTek system with a standard montage consisting of bilateral frontal, central, and occipital (F3, F4, C3, C4, O1, O2) electroencephalography leads referenced to A1+ A2; right and left electrooculogram referenced to A1+ A2; and bipolar submentalis electromyogram. Collected data included sleep onset latency, total sleep time, wake after sleep onset (WASO), number of wake periods, number and type of arousals and arousal indices, sleep efficiency, the percentage of sleep time in each of the four stages of sleep (stage 1 [N1], stage 2 [N2], stage 3 [N3], and rapid eye movement [REM]) as well as respiratory data, blood oxygen saturation, periodic leg movements, and an electrocardiogram.
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