Neuromuscular Disorders
Louis Solomon, David Warwick, Selvadurai Nayagam in Apley and Solomon's Concise System of Orthopaedics and Trauma, 2014
Of the vast range of neurological disorders, those which most commonly give rise to orthopaedic problems are: Cerebral palsy and stroke (upper motor neuron, spastic disorders).Compressive lesions of the spinal cord.Neural tube defects (spina bifida).Anterior poliomyelitis.Degenerative motor neuron disorders.Nerve root disorders.Peripheral neuropathies.
Peripheral neuropathies
Peter R Wilson, Paul J Watson, Jennifer A Haythornthwaite, Troels S Jensen in Clinical Pain Management, 2008
Peripheral neuropathies are described in different ways, based on (1) the pattern of neurological signs and symptoms as sensory, motor, autonomic, or mixed; (2) the distribution of affected nerves, as symmetrical versus asymmetrical, and distal or proximal; (3) the fiber type involved, as large versus small fiber; (4) the nature and brunt of the pathological process as axonal versus demyelinating; and (5) the time-course, as acute, subacute, or chronic. For example, multiple spinal roots are involved acutely in the Guillain–Barre syndrome, and in most cases preferentially affect the myelin sheath. The condition is thus described as an acute demyelinating inflammatory polyradiculopathy. The classification of the neuropathy narrows down the diagnostic possibilities. To illustrate, an acute onset suggests an inflammatory, immunologic, toxic, or vascular etiology. A polyneuropathy evolving subacutely over weeks and months is indicative of toxic, nutritional, or systemic diseases, whereas evolution over many years is indicative of a hereditary or metabolic disease. The dysfunction of an individual peripheral nerve is termed a “mononeuropathy.” The syndrome of peripheral neuropathy, however, has many causes. Therefore, it is essential to first attempt to find the cause (which is not always possible) so that the patient can be informed about prognosis and receive specific treatment. The diagnostic process can also help with choice of symptomatic treatment, as for pain, based on the understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms in different conditions.
The Neuropsychiatric Aspects of HIV Infection and Patient Care
Judith Landau-Stanton, Colleen D. Clements, Robert E. Cole, Ann Z. Griepp, Alexander F. Tartaglia, Jackie Nudd, Elisabet Espaillat-Piña, M. Duncan Stanton in AIDS, Health, and Mental Health, 1993
In addition to intracranial disorders, spinal cord disorders and disorders of the peripheral nerves make up two large groups of central nervous system diseases.5 The spinal cord disorders include vacuolar myelopathy and acute myelopathies. Peripheral neuropathies include distal symmetric polyneuropathy (DSPN), inflammatory neuropathies, lumbo-sacral polyradiculopathy, and rare neuropathies such as sensory ataxia. The clinical symptoms of these peripheral neuropathies include painful burning sensation in the feet, toes, and fingers, as well as decreased sensitivity to touch and a feeling of numbness or tingling when the sensory nervous system is involved. In motor neuropathies, motoric weakness and involvement of bladder and bowel seriously impair the patient.
Statin related adverse effects and patient education: a study from resource limited settings
Published in Acta Cardiologica, 2018
Rubina Mulchandani, Tanica Lyngdoh, Praloy Chakraborty, Ashish Kumar Kakkar
Muscle related adverse effects were the most prevalent in the study population. Around 32% of the patients experienced muscle pain, 34% experienced leg cramps and 47% experienced muscle weakness and fatigue after they were put on statins. Pain in the joints was experienced by around one-fourth of the participants. Memory issues were reported by 21% of the patients. Symptoms suggestive of peripheral neuropathy, comprising of numbness, tingling sensations and burning sensations in the extremities were reported by around 31% of the patients. Almost 31% of the non-diabetics complained of these symptoms too. Other less common adverse effects reported by participants included depression, joylessness, anxiety and impatience and irritability. Out of the 300 participants, almost 14% reported having missed at least one dose of their medication in the last 1 month (Table 3).
Mechanisms behind diffuse idiopathic peripheral neuropathy in humans – a systematic review
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2023
Hanna Tufvesson, Viktor Hamrefors, Bodil Ohlsson
Many patients have signs and symptoms of peripheral neuropathy without any obvious etiology. In these idiopathic cases, it may be difficult and time-consuming to rule out the causes of neuropathy. Most mechanism studies are performed in animals and need to be confirmed in humans, due to different physiology and anatomical distribution of structures between different species [12,13]. Few reviews about mechanisms behind enteric neuropathy and GI dysmotility or general peripheral neuropathy have been published. The aim of the present systematic review was therefore to identify mechanisms behind diffuse idiopathic peripheral neuropathy involving internal organ systems in humans, and to identify the background to that some patients develop mainly large fiber neuropathy and others mainly SFN.
Brentuximab vedotin in T-cell lymphoma
Published in Expert Review of Hematology, 2019
Carrie Van Der Weyden, Michael Dickinson, James Whisstock, H. Miles Prince
BV has documented efficacy in phase II and III clinical trials in CTCL, and in phase II trials in sALCL.Efficacy in PTCL other than sALCL has been documented in a phase II trial; however, duration of response is shorter in this patient group.Major side effects include cytopenias, fatigue, and peripheral neuropathy. While peripheral neuropathy is common and may result in treatment delays or disruptions, long-term follow-up data suggest that the majority of patients experience resolution or improvement in neuropathic symptoms after treatment conclusion.Questions recently or soon to be addressed include ways to expand the utility of BV, eg. Use as maintenance after auSCT or alloSCT, retreatment, or BV in combination with other therapies.Correlation between level of CD30 expression and likelihood of response in different disease subtypes is currently being explored, with the suggestion that responses can be seen across the spectrum of CD30 expression in CTCL and PTCL.
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