Meningioma and the brain
Alex Jelly, Adel Helmy, Barbara A. Wilson in Life After a Rare Brain Tumour and Supplementary Motor Area Syndrome, 2019
Second, meningiomas can also present with seizures. A seizure is uncontrolled electrical activity in the brain. Nerve cells use electrical impulses to communicate with each other and carry out the complex processing that occurs in the brain. When this electrical activity is uncontrolled, the portion of the brain affected stops functioning. Seizures can affect one part of the brain, called partial seizures, or the whole of the brain, called generalised seizures. Partial seizures can cause a wide range of symptoms, similar to the focal neurological deficits described above. Generalised seizures cause the individual to lose consciousness, although the distinction is not always clear cut as partial seizures can start in one place and then spread throughout the whole brain (partial seizures with secondary generalisation). The wide variety of patterns of seizures can sometimes make them difficult to spot and diagnose. Seizures are usually treated in their own right with anti-seizure drugs, separate to the treatment options described below.
Classification of The Epilepsies
Carl L. Faingold, Gerhard H. Fromm in Drugs for Control of Epilepsy:, 2019
Appendix I of the ILAE classification proposal divides these epilepsies into many categories depending on precise ictal localizations. If consciousness is unaltered during the seizures the term “simple” is used; and if not, the term “complex” is applied. Broadly speaking, seizures with simple symptomatology arise from epileptogenic lesions and associated ictal electrical activity occupying or eventually involving the specific isocortical areas associated with various elementary motor activities or sensory experiences. Thus, several such partial epilepsies can be identified, e.g., parietal lobe epilepsy, with simple partial seizures and somatosensory symptomatology; or occipital lobe epilepsy with simple partial seizures and visual symptomatology. Seizures with complex symptomatology, i.e., with alteration of consciousness, arise from ictal activity originating in or spreading to the integrative cortical areas of temporal or frontal lobe limbic structures. Different patterns of the spread of ictal epileptic activity can give rise to very different clinical seizure patterns arising from what appear to be similar interictal EEG epileptic foci.
Audiogenic Seizures in Mice and Rats
Steven L. Peterson, Timothy E. Albertson in Neuropharmacology Methods in Epilepsy Research, 2019
The same drugs used to treat generalized tonic-clonic seizures are used to treat partial seizures with or without generalization. However, partial seizures can be resistant to treatment with these agents in some patients. A drug with a lower focal/generalization ratio in the GEPR than existing medications might be effective in these refractory partial seizure patients. This model also offers prediction of a novel type of antiepileptic drug, a drug with a focal/generalization ratio of 1. The wild running regression line becomes a continuation of the hindlimb extension regression line. Such a drug would be a pure antifocal agent in the GEPR. We would expect the slope of the single regression line to be steep and the nature of the anticonvulsant response to be either complete audiogenic seizure suppression or no effect at all, as a fonction of dose.
Management of epileptic disorders using nanotechnology-based strategies for nose-to-brain drug delivery
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2021
Mihika Shringarpure, Sankalp Gharat, Munira Momin, Abdelwahab Omri
According to the International Classification of Epileptic Seizures, epileptic seizures can be classified into three major groups based on their onset- generalized onset, focal onset (may become secondarily generalized), and unclassified seizures [34]. Generalized seizures are a consequence of abnormal and rapid neuronal activity on both hemispheres of the brain simultaneously. The various kinds of generalized seizures include absence seizures, tonic seizures, clonic seizures, myoclonic seizures, atonic seizures, tonic-clonic seizures, and secondary generalized seizures. Focal seizures originate and affect a limited area of one hemisphere of the brain and occur in approximately 60% of cases. Focal seizures generally progress to secondary generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Partial seizures are split into two main categories, namely, simple partial seizures and complex partial seizures [28].
The Revised Definition and Classification of Epilepsy for Neurodiagnostic Technologists
Published in The Neurodiagnostic Journal, 2018
Robert S. Fisher, Anna M. Bonner
The names of the seizures have changed in a 2017 classification that revises the 1981 classification. The primary division continues to be based upon focal origin of the seizure in one hemisphere of the brain versus generalized onset in both hemispheres. Consciousness has been maintained as an important classifier of focal seizures, but awareness is used as a more easily understood surrogate marker for consciousness. The prior term “complex partial seizure” is now a “focal impaired awareness seizure.” The prior “simple partial seizure” is now a “focal aware seizure.” Focal seizures can be further subdivided into motor and nonmotor onset categories. Generalized seizures are not classified according to awareness, since awareness is impaired for most, and are categorized as either motor or absence (nonmotor) seizures. If onset is unknown, some seizures can still be classified under the heading for unknown-onset seizures.
Ancient Indian concepts about phenomenology, biology, and therapeutics of epilepsy
Published in Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2018
The core texts of Ayurveda, CS and SS, provide a detailed description of epileptic seizures. Disturbances of memory and consciousness along with motor manifestations were used to define an epileptic seizure. Generalized as well as partial seizure semiology was described in detail. Both external and internal factors were thought to cause seizures, and the role of obstetric complications and head trauma was recognized. A humoral theory, similar to the Hippocratic system, was used to explain the pathophysiology. It appears that the brain was recognized as the organ associated with the generation of seizures, though it is unclear if the Sanskrit word refers to the modern neuroanatomic construct or is used in a more abstract way. Multiple preventive as well as rescue treatments, primarily based on plant and animal products, were described in detail regarding their compounding, dosage, and use. A formulation based on clarified butter appears to be have important role in epilepsy treatment. Precautions to avoid seizure-related injuries were described and are fairly consistent with current clinical practice. Cognitive comorbidities associated with epilepsy were recognized and a peculiar condition called “the great sickness” was described, which probably resembles epilepsy-associated psychoses. Although none of the formulations described in CS or SS have any current empiric evidence for safety or efficacy in the treatment of epilepsy, it is pertinent to generate relevant data, to recognize their hazards, and to integrate traditional and complementary systems of medicine with modern health care in a better informed manner.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Cerebral Hemisphere
- Deja Vu
- Hypoesthesia
- Paresthesia
- Parietal Lobe
- Occipital Lobe
- Frontal Lobe
- Temporal Lobe
- Seizure
- Lobes of The Brain
- Déjà Vu