Organisation of services and health economics
Jeremy Playfer, John Hindle, Andrew Lees in Parkinson's Disease in the Older Patient, 2018
Idiopathic PD is a common, age-related, disabling neurodegenerative disorder. Parkinsonism is a term used to describe movement disorders characterised by similar symptoms to those of idiopathic PD. Idiopathic PD represents the cause of approximately three-quarters of cases of parkinsonism, the others being either similar neurodegenerative diseases with other features (Parkinson’s-plus syndromes such as multiple system atrophy and progressive supranuclear palsy), cerebrovascular disease, and drug or toxic cases. In this chapter, the principles discussed refer to all causes of parkinsonism, since the problems of patients with parkinsonism are often similar to those of patients with PD, and the patients will often present with that diagnosis although their prognosis and response to treatment differs. Some units are organised to manage all movement disorders, of which PD is by far the most common.
Degenerative Diseases of the Nervous System
Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw in Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
While the most common cause of parkinsonism encountered by the clinician is Parkinson's disease, a large number of other disorders may cause parkinsonism; these other disorders often associated with other neurologic or systemic signs and symptoms not typically seen in Parkinson's disease. Causes of parkinsonism may be grouped into the following four categories: Primary (idiopathic) parkinsonism: Parkinson's disease, sporadic or familial.Multisystem degenerations (‘parkinsonism plus' or atypical parkinsonism).Heredodegenerative parkinsonism.Secondary (symptomatic, acquired) parkinsonism.
Epidemiology and subtypes of dementia
Marjolein de Vugt, Janet Carter in Understanding Young Onset Dementia, 2021
DLB is characterised pathologically by the presence of Lewy bodies, so-called senile plaques and variable tangle formation. A rare pure form comprises only Lewy bodies with a much younger onset described in a series of nine cases from Japan where eight had an onset before the age of 40 years. Dementia is increasingly recognised as a common feature of advancing Parkinson's disease but develops less frequently and with a longer latency in patients with young onset disease. Patients with young onset parkinsonism are more likely to have an underlying genetic cause. Of these, mutations in the parkin (PARK2) gene are not typically associated with dementia, but α-synuclein triplications and mutations in the glucocerebrosidase gene can be associated with prominent cognitive impairment, in some cases resembling classic dementia with Lewy bodies (Johansen et al., 2010).
Assessing and treating conversations with partners in Parkinson’s disease: A scoping review of the evidence
Published in International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 2022
Ramishka Thilakaratne, Andrea M. Loftus, Naomi Cocks
Idiopathic (of unknown origins) Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, with a prevalence rate of 0%–3% of the population in industrialised countries (Tysnes & Storstein, 2017). Parkinsonism refers to a group of neurological disorders that share the cardinal motor symptoms of PD, such as tremor, slowed movement, postural instability, and rigidity (Aminoff, Greenberg, and Simon, 2005). As it is often difficult to differentiate between the disorders, they are grouped together under the umbrella term of Parkinsonism. Included in this grouping are Progressive Supranuclear Palsy, Multiple System Atrophy, Lewy-Body Dementia, Corticobasal Degeneration, Vascular Parkinsonism, and Drug-Induced Parkinsonism. The heterogeneous nature of PD, coupled with the overlap with other neurological disorders, often means that research studies are not PD specific and may include those diagnosed with Parkinsonism.
The inter-relationship between various non-motor symptoms and with habitual physical activity in Parkinsonism: a scoping review protocol
Published in Physical Therapy Reviews, 2022
Amanda Still, Leigh Hale, Prasath Jayakaran
Parkinsonism is a group of disorders characterised by the presence of bradykinesia with rigidity or tremor [1,2]. Neurodegenerative processes are the most common cause of Parkinsonism disorders, such as idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (PD) and atypical Parkinsonism disorders (APDs) [2,3]. APDs include multiple system atrophy, progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, and dementia with Lewy bodies. PD and APDs have distinct pathophysiology but are commonly misdiagnosed, particularly in the early stages of the disease, due to symptom overlap [2,4]. PD is the most prevalent of these disorders, which has had a more than two-fold increase in global prevalence in the last two decades [5]. The current global prevalence of PD is estimated to be 6.1 million [5], and epidemiological research projects this to increase by approximately 770,000 by 2040 [6]. APDs account for approximately 10% of neurodegenerative causes, with a collective prevalence of approximately 0.4% (400 per 100,000 persons) [3,7]. Although APDs are less common, they are usually associated with a more rapid disease progression and a shorter lifespan [2].
Shining a light on defective autophagy by proteomics approaches: implications for neurodegenerative illnesses
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2019
Fabio Di Domenico, Ilaria Zuliani, Antonella Tramutola
Most of the cases of PD are idiopathic, with unknowing primary cause. Although genetic and environmental factors appear to have a role in the onset of induced forms of parkinsonism, which are known to share most of the symptoms of the idiopathic form of the disease. In this context, researchers have identified specific genetic mutations that can cause PD [76]. At least nine different genes are known to cause familial PD, that accounts for 5–10% of all cases. Mutations in the α-synuclein, parkin, microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT), ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1), DJ-1, PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1), and leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) genes have been implicated in hereditary PD [77]. On the other hand, epidemiological studies suggest that some environmental factors such as chemical exposure or pesticide use could be risk factors for induced forms of PD [78]. In this context, many studies have proved that insecticides like rotenone and paraquat can induce mitochondrial dysfunction, finally resulting in a cellular phenotype with typical PD hallmarks [79].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Syndrome
- Tremor
- Hypokinesia
- Spasticity
- Balance Disorder
- Parkinson's Disease
- Dementia With Lewy Bodies
- Parkinson's Disease Dementia
- Neurodegenerative Disease
- Toxin