Tick Paralysis
Burke A. Cunha in Tickborne Infectious Diseases, 2000
Tick Paralysis Jose´ M. Torres Episcopal Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania David Schlossberg Episcopal Hospital, and Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania The earliest references to tick paralysis are in the diary of Captain William Hovell, who described in his ‘‘Diary of a Journey to Port Phillips in 1824-1825’’ the phenomenon of ticks causing paralysis in sheep and cattle in the Illawarra District of Australia [1]. Hovell reported that ‘‘the tick buries itself in the flesh and would in time destroy either man or beast if not removed in time.’’ In ensuing decades, British travelers to Australia described the paralysis of sheep, calves, and dogs caused by tick bites. In 1898, the earliest human deaths were recorded, two infants who seized and died with engorged wood ticks found on their necks. In 1912, Todd surveyed over 150 physicians in southern British Columbia; at least 10 cases of paralysis in children after the bites of ticks were described. In 1913 tick paralysis was eventually experimentally produced in animals [1,2].
General principles of management of lower motor neuron paralysis
Benjamin Joseph, Selvadurai Nayagam, Randall Loder, Ian Torode in Paediatric Orthopaedics, 2016
Static paralytic problems in children may occur as the result of central nervous system disorders such as spina bifida and poliomyelitis or following disorders of the peripheral nervous system such as obstetric brachial plexus palsy and peripheral nerve injuries. Progressive paralysis may be encountered in muscular dystrophy and hereditary motor neuropathies. The most obvious manifestation of paralysis is the loss of function due to muscle weakness. Muscle paralysis in the lower limb impairs locomotion, while in the upper limb it affects the activities of daily living. Paralysis of one group of muscles acting on a joint can result in muscle imbalance if the antagonistic muscle group is either unaffected or less severely affected. Muscle imbalance, in turn, can lead to deformities and instabilities at joints. The main cause of joint deformities in paralytic conditions is muscle imbalance, although postural deformities may also occur in paralysed limbs.
The paralysed hip
Benjamin Joseph, Selvadurai Nayagam, Randall Loder, Ian Torode in Paediatric Orthopaedics, 2016
Paralysis of the muscles around the hip may occur in spina bifida and sacral agenesis, following spinal cord injury, after poliomyelitis and in some forms of muscular dystrophy. Paralysis of all the muscles of both hips would make unaided walking impossible, while paralysis of individual muscles produces distinctive problems related to walking and stability of the hip. Complete paralysis of the muscles acting on the hip renders the hip flail. Paralysis of the hip flexors makes it difficult to propel the limb forwards while walking. Paralysis of hip abductors results in a Trendelenburg gait while paralysis of the hip extensors produces a typical gait pattern where the patient lurches backwards with exaggerated lumbar lordosis. Deformities develop on account of the muscle imbalance or due to the effect of gravity and posture. Deformities that may be encountered in hips that are paralysed include flexion, adduction with internal rotation or abduction with external rotation.
ENG Findings in Patients with Bell's Palsy
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 1987
Izumi Koizuka, Kazuhiko Goto, Masuaki Okada, Takeshi Kubo, Toru Matsunaga
Electronystagmography (ENG) is known to be a useful method for the evaluation of vestibular disorders. We tested 40 Bell's palsy patients who visited our clinic within 3 weeks after the onset of paralysis with ENG. Regarding the ENG findings and facial nerve damage, there were no correlations between the severity of paralysis in the initial period and the degree of paralysis recovery and existence of spontaneous, positional and positioning nystagmus. Patients with CP had a significantly severe paralysis in the initial period, but then showed varying degrees of recovery from the paralysis. Appearance of DP was not dependent upon the severity of facial paralysis in the initial period or the degree of paralysis recovery. Patients without visual suppression had a more severe paralysis in the initial period and a poor paralysis recovery at 3 months after the onset of paralysis.
Combined Use of Integrated Electromyography and Score Rating Method for Evaluation and Prognosis of Facial Paralysis
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 1985
Degrees of peripheral facial paralysis were assessed by the paralysis score table in a modification of May's method together with the integrated EMG method. Paralysis scores and integrated EMGs from the frontal, orbicularis oculi and orbicularis oris muscles were obtained from 68 patients with facial paralysis. A linear regression analysis was tried in the cases of complete recovery with the following equation: Y=BlogX+A, where Y = percentage of paralysis score or integrated EMG, B = recovery rate, A=constant and X=days after onset. The correlation coefficient of paralysis score and the days expressed in logarithmic form was 0.979. The paralysis scores obtained showed good correlation (0.933-0.941) with the value of the integrated EMG. The paralysis score for facial paralysis was thus confirmed by the objective EMG method. Recovery process from facial paralysis can be analysed numerically by the application of linear regression analysis in both methods.
Analysis on outcomes of facial paralysis complicated by middle ear cholesteatoma
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2019
Qiang Li, Yanfei Jia, Qian Feng, Bo Tang, Xiaodong Luo, Peng Xu, Daowen Wang, Xuanfen Zhang
Background: The prognostic factors of facial paralysis complicated by middle ear cholesteatoma (MEC) are largely unknown due to limited reports and smaller sample size. Objectives: This study aimed to analyze prognostic factors of postoperative outcomes of facial paralysis complicated by MEC. Material and methods: Clinical data of 48 patients (48 ears) with facial paralysis complicated by MEC were retrospectively reviewed and analyzed. The outcomes of facial paralysis were compared between different groups. Results: All the eight cases (100%) with intact fallopian canal had complete recovery of facial paralysis after surgery, while only 52.5% cases (21/40 cases) with fallopian canal damage achieved good recovery, with significant difference (p 2 months) (81.0% versus 21.1%; p