Anatomy for neurotrauma
Hemanshu Prabhakar, Charu Mahajan, Indu Kapoor in Essentials of Anesthesia for Neurotrauma, 2018
Limbic cortex—situated at the inferomedial aspect of the cerebral hemisphereCingulate gyrus—lies dorsal to the corpus callosum, and is interconnected with the association areas of cerebral cortex. It functions to regulate the heart rate and blood pressure and is also involved in cognitive and emotional processing.Parahippocampal gyrus is located in the medial temporal lobe and plays a major role in spatial memory. It contains the entorhinal cortex, which is concerned with olfactory memories.
Mickey
Walter J. Hendelman, Peter Humphreys, Christopher R. Skinner in The Integrated Nervous System, 2017
Of these structures, the nucleus accumbens is illustrated in Figure 13.2, in relation to the caudate head, while the remaining structures are illustrated in Figure 13.5. Figure 13.5 shows the ‘ring’-like configuration of the limbic cortex, the ring consisting of the cingulate gyrus, septal area and parahippocampal gyrus. The hippocampal formation is located medial to and is partially concealed by the parahippocampal gyrus.
Altered dynamic parahippocampus functional connectivity in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2021
Hui Juan Chen, Rongfeng Qi, Jun Ke, Jie Qiu, Qiang Xu, Zhiqiang Zhang, Yuan Zhong, Guang Ming Lu, Feng Chen
The parahippocampal gyrus is closely associated with the temporal lobes and plays a critical role in memory encoding and subsequent retrieval. Our study revealed that both the PTSD group and the TEC group showed increased DC in the left parahippocampal gyrus relative to the HC group. Importantly, a gradually increasing trend was observed from the TEC group to the PTSD group. This finding provides further evidence of increased activation in the parahippocampal region in PTSD subjects during direct exposure to negative stimuli (Sakamoto et al. 2005). Previous studies have demonstrated that abnormal connectivity in the parahippocampus results from disruptions in episodic and autobiographical memory encoding and storage and that this region may be a part of the temporal lobe network; therefore, this region may be abnormally active in patients with PTSD (Sakamoto et al. 2005; Thomaes et al. 2009). These findings demonstrate hyperactivity in the parahippocampus in PTSD patients. However, the exact behavioural correlates of these anti-correlated regions are not clear at the moment and warrant more research.
The effects of exercise on the structure of cognitive related brain regions: a meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging data
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2019
Guohua Zheng, Bingzhao Ye, Yuhui Zheng, Zhenyu Xiong, Rui Xia, Pingting Qiu, Jing Tao, Lidian Chen
One of the most typical complaints in older people is memory loss [63], and memory decline is the most prominent cognitive impairment marker [64]. Brain regions including the posterior cingulate cortex, parahippocampal gyrus, inferior and middle temporal gyrus particular hippocampus are associated with memory [65–67]. Surprisingly, the memory cortex, except the inferior and middle temporal gyrus, was not detected in this study. This may be because almost no relevant articles were included. Even so, we have noticed several studies have demonstrated that exercise had a significant effect on this cortex [68,69]. For example, Erickson [69] randomized 120 older adults without dementia into a moderate intensity walking group or into a stretching-toning control group for 1 year, and after the training the size of the hippocampus increased by 2% in the exercise group compared to the stretching-toning control group. However, the effective structural changes in the hippocampus were not observed in the current meta-analysis. The possible reason was associated with six excluded studies that have focused on the effect of exercise on the hippocampus volume or the memory function [23,57,63,70–72].
Training flexible conceptual retrieval in post-stroke aphasia
Published in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2022
Sara Stampacchia, Glyn P. Hallam, Hannah E. Thompson, Upasana Nathaniel, Lucilla Lanzoni, Jonathan Smallwood, Matthew A. Lambon Ralph, Elizabeth Jefferies
MRI scans were traced onto standardized templates (Damasio & Damasio, 1989) and lesion identification was manually performed (see Table 2 and Figure 1 for lesion overlay). All eleven patients had lesions affecting the left posterior LIFG; in eight cases this damage extended to mid-to-anterior LIFG. Parietal regions (supramarginal gyrus and/or angular gyrus) were also affected in 9 cases out of 11, and pMTG was affected in all but four cases. While there was some damage to ATL in 4 patients (SD, KQ, KA, VN), the ventral portion of ATL, which has been implicated in conceptual representation across modalities (Binney et al., 2012; Visser et al., 2012), was intact in all cases. This region is supplied by both the anterior temporal cortical artery of the middle cerebral artery and the anterior temporal branch of the distal posterior cerebral artery, reducing its vulnerability to stroke (Borden, 2006; Conn, 2008; Phan et al., 2005). The hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus were intact in all patients.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Cerebral Cortex
- Limbic System
- Memory
- Schizophrenia
- Hippocampus
- Brain
- Grey Matter
- Encoding
- Recall
- Hippocampal Sclerosis