Psychology and Human Development EMIs
Michael Reilly, Bangaru Raju in Extended Matching Items for the MRCPsych Part 1, 2018
Classical conditioning.Consequent operation.Establishing operation.Instrumental conditioning.Learned helplessness.Operant conditioning.Orienting response.Shaping.Signalling operation.Stimulus presentation operation.
Making meaning together: the realization of value
Anthony Korner in Communicative Exchange, Psychotherapy and the Resonant Self, 2020
For the CM there are two systems of consciousness: the system of self and that of trauma. Nuanced feeling supports complexity, creativity and the growth of self. For self, feeling is firstly an intrinsic value system, with defensive manifestations having value in relation to survival. The orienting response involves evaluation, allowing the individual freedom to deploy attentional resources where there is a sense of safety. The “giving of attention” amounts to focussing or shedding light on the environment, in a manner that permits exploration and growth of consciousness (Edelman & Tononi, 2000) and hence self. More complex forms of feeling emerge. When defensive physiological systems do come into play there is a constricted focus of attention, with diversion of metabolic resources away from the central nervous system (Porges, 2011) and a shift to self-protection, often associated with traumatic experience: either mobilization of the “fight-flight” response (sympathetic nervous system) associated with high arousal, or the “shutdown” response (freezing, death-feigning, dissociating) associated with hypo-arousal or hypo-metabolism (ibid.).
Victims and survivors
John C. Gunn, Pamela J. Taylor in Forensic Psychiatry, 2014
The explanation for the effectiveness of EMDR remains uncertain, although possibilities have been considered in the section above on attachment, and several neurobiologists have suggested mechanisms (Siegel, 2002; Stickgold, 2002; van der Kolk, 2002). Research supports involvement of working memory and the orienting response. Eye movements have been found to reduce emotional disturbance and strength of memories and increase ability to retrieve episodic memories (Andrade et al., 1997; Barrowcliff et al., 2003; Barrowcliff et al., 2004; Christman et al., 2003; Kavanagh et al., 2001; Kuiken et al., 2001–2002; Sharpley, 1996; van den Jout, 2001).
Post-conviction polygraph testing of sex offenders
Published in International Review of Psychiatry, 2019
Don Grubin, Maxim Kamenskov, R. Gregg Dwyer, Tim Stephenson
The polygraph records physiological reactions to questions asked while an individual is attached to the polygraph instrument, but it does not detect lies. These reactions are not unique to deception, nor are they always associated with it: a specific ‘lie response’ has never been demonstrated, and is unlikely to exist. Although the mode of action of polygraphy has yet to be ascertained, it is widely believed to relate to the ‘orienting response’, a reflex reaction to a novel or personally significant stimulus that results in autonomic nervous system activity in preparation for possible adaptive behaviour (Barry, 1990; Palmatier & Rovner, 2015). A detailed discussion of the orienting response and its role in polygraphy is beyond the scope of this paper (but will be reviewed in Grubin & Krapohl, in preparation). Although an over-simplification, the theory is that lying to a question is associated with greater salience and cognitive work than telling the truth. The aim of the polygraph examiner is to ensure that the observed response is indeed due to deception rather than some other cause of autonomic arousal.
tDCS effects on task-related activation and working memory performance in traumatic brain injury: A within group randomized controlled trial
Published in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2021
Jacqueline A. Rushby, Frances M. De Blasio, Jodie A. Logan, Travis Wearne, Emma Kornfeld, Emily Jane Wilson, Colleen Loo, Donel Martin, Skye McDonald
While this is a useful construct to consider, there is an important distinction to be made between the level of arousal and the extent to which arousal changes when faced with a task, i.e., task-activated arousal (Barry, Clarke, McCarthy, Selikowitz, & Rushby, 2005). Both alpha power and skin conductance level (SCL) are considered reliable psychophysiological measures that differentiate these energetic states. Using SCL, in particular, it has been demonstrated that while the orienting response is higher when the participant’s state arousal level is higher, actual task performance is more strongly related to the extent that arousal increases during the task (cf. baseline). For example, on a continuous performance task (CPT) it has been repeatedly demonstrated that participants with greater task activated arousal demonstrated shorter reaction-times (RTs) and greater accuracy (VaezMousavi, Barry, Rushby, & Clarke, 2007a, 2007b). The effect of tDCS on task-related activation is unknown.
The Effects of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing on Prospective Imagery and Anxiety in Golfers
Published in Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 2018
Niall Falls, Jamie B. Barker, Martin J. Turner
Two dominant hypotheses have been proposed to explain bilateral stimulation effects caused by eye movement (Oren & Solomon, 2012). The first is that eliciting an “orienting response,” where a reduced arousal neurobiological state, similar to rapid eye movement sleep, may cause dysfunctional memories to be linked to more adaptive memory networks (Stickgold, 2002). A second is that dual attention processing might disrupt working memory, with effects on emotionality of imagery and memory. Both hypotheses have considerable supporting evidence and may interactively support the therapeutic effects of EMDR (see Oren & Solomon, 2012), with symptoms of single incident trauma typically resolving within two to three sessions (E. Shapiro, 2012). Although eye movements are the most commonly delivered form of bilateral stimulation, hand taps and auditory tones have also been used where clients are visually impaired or cannot tolerate eye movements.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Electrodermal Activity
- Electroencephalography
- Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Habituation
- Physiology
- Startle Response
- Hippocampus
- P300
- P3A
- Event-Related Potential