Dementia in Movement Disorders
W. R. Wayne Martin in Functional Imaging in Movement Disorders, 2019
For many years the term organic brain syndrome was widely used to describe the intellectual and behavioral changes that resulted from any medical or neurologic illness or from exposure to any drug or toxin. The implication of this terminology was that dementia due to any of these causes had identical clinical features. Indeed, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders published by the American Psychiatric Association indicated until the late 1960s that any variability in the symptoms of patients with organic brain syndrome was due to premorbid experiences and personality.15,16 Clinical observations, however, were inconsistent with this view. Certain characteristics seemed to be shared in common by individuals with dementia from the same cause, and these similarities were found in patients with quite different premorbid personalities and environments. Among the first distinctions made between dementias with different “organic” etiologies was the development of the concept of “subcortical” and “cortical” dementia.
An Overview of Dementia
Marc E. Agronin in Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias, 2014
The term dementia has represented many different meanings and connotations over time. The word itself comes from Latin and literally means to be “without a mind.” It is an ancient term that appears as both a disease state in Roman medical texts and a form of political sarcasm in the philosophical works of Cicero. In the past two centuries, dementia has been used to refer to a brain disease characterized by chronic intellectual impairment. In some of the first diagnostic schemes, dementia was referred to as an organic mental syndrome or an organic brain syndrome. The prefixes presenile and senile were frequently used to refer to disease states that developed before or after 65 years of age, respectively, and eventually the term senility became synonymous with dementia. Although dementia is still the most commonly used diagnostic term, revisions in the diagnostic nomenclature have replaced it with neurocognitive disorder. The term dementia will be retained in this book since it continues to be widely used and understood.
Forensic Assessment
Louis B. Schlesinger in Sexual Murder, 2021
The psychiatrist offered a diagnosis of “organic brain syndrome due to alcohol (toxic)” and gave the following final opinions and recommendations: Here is a man who has actual physical brain impairment and it is extensive. Moreover, AA is very credible in his replies (whatever they may be), inasmuch as he frankly stated that he did not know whether he killed B or not. He has no recollection of it. This examiner is of the opinion that he certainly falls within the purview of the M’Naughten Rule and that he did not know the nature and quality of his acts by reason of his brain disease.
Is a hyperosmolar pump prime for cardiopulmonary bypass a risk factor for postoperative delirium? A double blinded randomised controlled trial
Published in Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal, 2023
Helena Claesson Lingehall, Yngve Gustafson, Staffan Svenmarker, Micael Appelblad, Fredrik Davidsson, Fredrik Holmner, Alexander Wahba, Birgitta Olofsson
Assessments were performed preoperatively and repeated after extubation on day 1 (+1) and day 3 (±1) postoperatively. Five persons blinded to group assignment were after formal training assigned to administer the test instruments. The test battery included: (1) The Mini Mental State Examination Second Edition Standard Version (MMSE-2 SV) to assess cognition [11]. (2) The Organic Brain Syndrome Scale (OBS) to assess disturbances of awareness and orientation and fluctuations of cognition and degree of emotional reactions and psychotic symptoms [12]. (3) The Nursing Delirium Screening Scale (Nu-DESC) to assess disorientation, inappropriate behaviour, inappropriate communication, illusions or hallucinations and psychomotor retardation [13]. This is a routine procedure repeated three times every day from admittance to ICU until discharge from hospital. (4) Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale (RASS) to assess degree of agitation or sedation [14]. (5) Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) to assess level of consciousness [15]. (6) Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15) to assess depressive symptoms [16]. (7) Activities of Daily Living (ADL) to assess functional ability based on the Katz [17] and Barthel index [18].
Effect of clozapine on psychological outcomes of caregivers of patients with treatment resistant schizophrenia
Published in Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 2021
Meha Verma, Sandeep Grover, Subho Chakrabarti
To be included in the study, the patients were required to be aged 18–65 years, diagnosed with schizophrenia as per DSM-IV criteria (confirmed by using MINI PLUS) [7], fulfilling the modified Kane’s criteria for TRS [8], and currently not on clozapine. Patients with Organic brain syndrome, intellectual disability, current comorbid drug dependence (other than tobacco dependence), those who received ECT during the initial 3 months of clozapine therapy, patients in whom clozapine was used as an add-on treatment to the ongoing antipsychotic medication and those who were pregnant at the time of starting of clozapine were excluded. Consecutive sampling was used to recruit the patients started on clozapine in a given calendar year. During this period 70 patients were started on clozapine, of whom, 52 continued to receive clozapine at 3 months of starting of clozapine and did not receive any second antipsychotic medication or ECT. These 52 patients and their caregivers formed the study sample.
A comparative study evaluating insight in different phase of illness among patients with bipolar disorder by using multiple scales
Published in Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 2021
Shinjini Choudhury, Ajit Avasthi, Subho Chakrabarti, Sandeep Grover
For inclusion into the study, the patients were required to fulfil the criteria for BD-I as per the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental disorders; Fourth edition (DSM-IV) determined using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI PLUS) [37], aged 18–65 years, with a duration of illness of 2–15 years and able to read Hindi/English. Patients who were violent/uncooperative, had evidence of organic brain syndrome or intellectual disability, BD secondary to any organic cause, comorbid psychiatric disorders, medically too ill to participate were excluded from the study. Patients of BD, in any of the phase of illness, that is currently in remission, mania, or depression were recruited by purposive sampling by the first author, a trainee psychiatrist with one year experience in psychiatry. All the participants were assessed by the first author.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Cognition
- Neuropsychology
- Physiology
- Syndrome
- Psychiatry
- Physical Disorder
- Mental Disorder
- Functional Neurologic Disorder
- Neuroscience
- Neural Correlates of Consciousness