Automated Epilepsy Seizure Detection from EEG Signals Using Deep CNN Model
Rohit Raja, Sandeep Kumar, Shilpa Rani, K. Ramya Laxmi in Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in 2D/3D Medical Image Processing, 2020
Roughly 50 million people are suffering from epilepsy globally, according to the study by the WHO (World Health Organization) in 2017 [1]. Approximately 10% of people are affected with epilepsy every year [2]. Epilepsy is a neurological disorder wherein there is an uncontrolled electrical discharge of neurons. Our whole brain is a biological neural network. The primary unit of the neurons system is the cell. Every neuron is made of two parts: axon and cell body dendrites. Neurons transmit signals throughout the body. Epilepsy can affect anyone at any stage of life. Epileptic patients experience a vast range of symptoms which largely depend on the portion and the area of the brain that is affected. Epileptic seizures are of potential harm since they are often responsible for physical, social consequences and psychological disorders, which may result in loss of consciousness, injury to the brain and, in certain cases, abrupt death [1].
The Psychiatric Body
Roger Cooter, John Pickstone in Medicine in the Twentieth Century, 2020
At the center of brain-behavior studies has been the phenomenon of neurotransmission. Neurotransmitters are chemicals that convey nerve impulses from one neuron to another across the synapse or gap between the neurons. Dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin are the chemical messengers that have received the most scientific attention, although by 1995 over 40 such chemical agents had been isolated. The newly reconstituted psychiatric body was formed from the discovery that an excess or shortage of certain chemical-transmitting substances in the central nervous system may effect mood states, including psychotic conditions. Furthermore, identification of particular brain cells and neural systems that secrete particular neurotransmitters has allowed pharmacologists to synthesize chemicals that act directly on the neuronal receptor sites. To test these new compounds, researchers in the clinic and laboratory have turned away from the old case history method that psychodynamic psychiatry relied on. Instead, they have developed a new clinical trial methodology involving intricate statistical analyses and controlled experiments with double-blind, placebo-controlled samples.
Biological Basis of Behavior
Mohamed Ahmed Abd El-Hay in Understanding Psychology for Medicine and Nursing, 2019
Nervous tissue is composed of two types of cells: neurons and glial cells. Neurons are the primary type of cells whose function is to receive and transmit information. They are responsible for the computation and communication that the nervous system provides. Glial cells or glia play a supporting role for nervous tissue. Neurons are composed of: (1) a cell body that contains the nucleus and most of the cell’s biosynthetic machinery and keeps the cell alive; (2) branching tree-like fibers called dendrites, which extend from the cell body, collect information from other cells and send the information to the cell body; (3) an axon, which transmits information away from the cell body to other neurons or to the muscles and glands; and (4) specialized regions, at the end of axons, called synaptic buttons or synaptic endings, where communication with other nerve cells or special effector tissues (such as gland or muscle cells) is carried out (Figure 5.2).
Efficient simulations of stretch growth axon based on improved HH model
Published in Neurological Research, 2023
Xiao Li, Xianxin Dong, Xikai Tu, Hailong Huang
Neuronal cell is composed of three components: a cell body, an axon, and a dendrite. These components are responsible for receiving, integrating, and delivering information. In general, neurons receive and integrate information from other neurons via their dendrites and cell bodies, and then transfer it to other neurons via their axons. Nerve fibers have great excitability and conductivity, and their primary role is to transmit information between neurons. When a sufficient stimulus excites a nerve fiber, it immediately generates a propagable action potential. Chemical synapses allow action potentials to be passed from one neuron to the next by transporting neurotransmitters through synaptic vesicles. The action potential-induced shift in membrane potential causes the calcium channel on the synaptic terminal membrane to open, allowing a substantial number of calcium ions to flow into the membrane, resulting in an abrupt increase in calcium ions in the synaptic membrane. When synaptic vesicles detect an increase in the number of calcium ions in the surrounding environment, they fuse with the presynaptic membrane and spit neurotransmitters into the synaptic gap. After binding to a protein receptor on the postsynaptic membrane, the neurotransmitter causes excitement or inhibition.
Prediction of abrasive wears behavior of dental composites using an artificial neural network
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
Abhijeet Shivaji Suryawanshi, Niranjana Behera
The human brain is composed of billions of interconnected neurons by an unbelievable number of connections. Each neuron is linked to several other neurons and communicates with them regularly. So any physical or mental activity, we engage in activates a certain group of neurons in our brains. Figure 1(a) describes the structure of neuron in a brain. A single neuron is made up of three parts: (1) dendrites, (2) cell body, and (3) terminals. An artificial neuron, seen in Figure 1(b), is a computational and mathematical model of a biological neuron. Figure 1(c) shows the architecture of a neural network having input p, output a, and feeding with r and s parameters. Other parameters of a neural network are bias vector b, weight matrices w, transfer function f, and linear combiner u (Maleki and Unal 2021).
The neurosciences at the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry in Göttingen
Published in Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2023
Synapses are the points of contact between individual neurons and mediate the signal transfer in the nervous system. The term synapse was introduced in 1897 by the British neurophysiologist and later Nobel laureate Charles Sherrington (1857–1952), long before its structure and function were clarified (Valenstein 2005, 4) and, above all, against the bitter resistance of the so-called “reticularists,” who believed that nerve cells formed a syncytium (Nissl 1903). In the first half of the last century, first the functional roles of synapses were studied—that is, the chemical signal transmission by a neurotransmitter, its quantal release, and its effect on the postsynaptic nerve cells. When electron microscopy, which had been developed from the 1930s onward, came into use in 1954 (Hentschel 2014, 311; Ruska 1955), it became possible to examine the structure of the synapses, showing that they contained large quantities of small blisters known as vesicles and that the membranes are thickened at the contact points (Figure 3; see De Robertis 1964, 27–48; Cowan and Kandel 2001, 1–87).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Action Potential
- Animal
- Nervous System
- Nervous Tissue
- Neural Network
- Sensory Neuron
- Synapse
- Neurotransmitter
- Cell
- Stimulus