A Potential Natural Product Combination Targeting Memory Disorders
Vikas Kumar, Addepalli Veeranjaneyulu in Herbs for Diabetes and Neurological Disease Management, 2018
The WHO defines “Neurological disorders” as the diseases of central and peripheral nervous system which can impair the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerve, and neuromuscular function. A majority of the population worldwide are affected by neurological disorders.1 One such neurological disorder characterized by a decline in several higher mental functions like memory, intellect, and personality that causes significant impairment in daily functions is dementia.2 The prevalence of dementia increases with age, doubling every five years between the ages of 60 and 90.3 Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia, affects 35 million people worldwide. It is a growing health care epidemic and an irreversible disease that causes severe functional impairment and personality changes that lead a severely compromised quality of life with complete dependence on caretakers.4 WHO estimates that there are 35.6 million people worldwide living with dementia in 2010, increasing to 65.7 million by 2030 and 115.4 million by 2050.5 AD is associated with progressive neurodegeneration of the CNS.6 Clinically, AD typically begins with a subtle decline in memory and progresses to global deterioration in cognitive and adaptive functioning.7
Quality by Design for Nanocarriers
Carla Vitorino, Andreia Jorge, Alberto Pais in Nanoparticles for Brain Drug Delivery, 2021
There are different types of neurological disorders which can affect the central nervous system (CNS), such as epilepsy, schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, lysosomal storage diseases, brain tumours, brain stroke and so on [1–3]. For many of them there are no effective treatment because, as already mentioned in previous chapters, the drug delivery to the CNS is quite challenging. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is almost impenetrable to most of the available drugs due to the presence of thigh junctions which prevent the passage of molecules as well as the presence of efflux pumps which remove the molecules which were able to cross the BBB. Therefore, to passively cross the BBB, the drug molecules should have less than 150 Da and be hydrophilic or, be lipophilic and have less than 500 Da. The use of nanocarriers for brain delivery has been widely explored because it does not require drug modifications and the nanocarriers surface can be modulated in several ways to facilitate its entry in the CNS [1–3].
Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Epilepsies
Shamim I. Ahmad in Handbook of Mitochondrial Dysfunction, 2019
Mutations in POLG1 encoding the catalytic subunits of polymerase gamma is one of the most common gene defects associated with epilepsy in mitochondrial disorders. (Hikmat et al. 2017) The clinical syndromes caused by POLG1 mutations represent the disease spectra with a wide range of overlapping phenotypes. The most severe of them is represented by an early onset invariably fatal, the Alpers Huttenlocher syndrome. The disease spectrum also includes other entities such as juvenile or adult-onset mitochondrial spinocerebellar ataxia epilepsy (MASCE), myoclonic epilepsy myopathy sensory ataxia (MEMSA)/spinocerebellar ataxia epilepsy syndromes/sensory ataxia neuropathy dysarthria ophthalmoplegia, chronic progressive ophthalmoplegia and late-onset myopathies. Both autosomal recessive and dominant mutations cause these neurological disorders.
Nanotheranostics, a future remedy of neurological disorders
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2019
Manju Sharma, Taru Dube, Sonika Chibh, Avneet Kour, Jibanananda Mishra, Jiban Jyoti Panda
Neurological disorder is defined as any type of abnormal physical condition of the nervous system. Over the last few years, increasing incidences of neurological disorders have been witnessed to be the most common cause of disability and death worldwide. Neurological disorders such as dementia, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), epilepsy and cerebrovascular diseases including stroke, multiple sclerosis, migraine, neuroinfections, brain tumors and traumatic disorders of the nervous system such as brain trauma and autism are the leading causes of death worldwide. These disorders affect the central nervous system (CNS) or peripheral nervous system (PNS). Common symptoms include structural, biochemical or electrical abnormalities in the brain, spinal cord or other nerves of the body. It is very much known that the CNS is a very complex system, and infection of CNS causes many severe neurological diseases due to its limited self-repairing property in addition to ineffective delivery of CNS drugs across a very selective blood-brain barrier (BBB).
Sex specific effect of gut microbiota on the risk of psychiatric disorders: A Mendelian randomisation study and PRS analysis using UK Biobank cohort
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2021
Xin Qi, Fanglin Guan, Shiqiang Cheng, Yan Wen, Li Liu, Mei Ma, Bolun Cheng, Chujun Liang, Lu Zhang, Xiao Liang, Ping Li, Xiaomeng Chu, Jing Ye, Yao Yao, Feng Zhang
Brain is recognised as the centre of nervous system in humans. Brain function is controlled and realised through interconnecting neurons arranged in cerebral cortex and deep brain nuclei (Larvie and Fischl 2016). Psychiatric disorders are a group of syndromes affecting mood, thinking and behaviour of individuals, such as bipolar disorders, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders and major depressive disorders (MDD). Neurological disorders are the dysfunction of nerve system, such as Alzheimer’s disease, epilepsy, and Parkinson’s disease. The previous literatures suggested that genetic factors have a vital role in aetiology of psychiatric disorders and neurological disorders (Cross-Disorder Group of the Psychiatric Genomics et al. 2013; Han et al. 2014). 29.2% and 6% of population were discovered to show psychiatric disorder and neurological disorder, respectively, which were higher than other common diseases (MacDonald et al. 2000; Steel et al. 2014). Neurological disorders displayed a component of 6.3% to global burden of disease, and psychiatric and neurological disorders cause a substantial and heavy financial and medical burden to patients and caregivers (OWH 2010; Sagar et al. 2020).
Lipid-based nanoformulations in the treatment of neurological disorders
Published in Drug Metabolism Reviews, 2020
Faheem Hyder Pottoo, Shrestha Sharma, Md. Noushad Javed, Md. Abul Barkat, Md. Sabir Alam, Mohd. Javed Naim, Ozair Alam, Mohammad Azam Ansari, George E. Barreto, Ghulam Md. Ashraf
Neurological disorders affect the brain, spine, and the nerves that connect them. There are more than 600 types of such disorders, some of which include epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease (PD), ischemic stroke, and multiple sclerosis. In 2015, central nervous system (CNS) disorders were classified as the foremost basis of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) (250.7 [95% uncertainty interval (UI) 229.1–274.7] million, consisting 10.2% of global DALYs) and are second leading cause of global deaths (9.4 [9.1–9.7] million, consisting 16.8% of global deaths). The total number of persons dying from CNS disorders between 1990 and 2015 had increased up to 36.7%, while DALYs increased up to 7.4% (GBD 2015 Neurological Disorders Collaborator Group 2017). The origin and pathogenesis underlying these disorders are improperly understood. However, in the past few decades, the applications of molecular neuroscience have enabled the scientists to predict connecting links between neurological disorders, and that overlapping pathogenic mechanisms were reported for these disorders (Hardy 1999; Nigar et al. 2016). Unfortunately, current treatment strategies are built on alleviating the signs and symptoms without mitigating the original pathological anomaly (Chen and Pan 2015). Further, the treatment of neurological disorders is challenged by blood–brain barrier (BBB), the web of tightly joined endothelial cells in the brain capillaries. The BBB does not allow the entrance of larger molecules or highly hydrophilic drugs (log P < 1) inside the brain (Su and Sinko 2006).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Biochemistry
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- Brain
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- Signs & Symptoms
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