Marine Polysaccharides from Algae
Se-Kwon Kim in Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Neurodegenerative diseases are progressive damage of neurons, which are mainly related to the death of neurons. This leads to a gradual loss of cognitive and physical function. The most common neurodegenerative diseases are Huntington’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) (Lin and Beal, 2006). There are two main types of neurodegenerative diseases: dyskinesia and degeneration/dementia disorders (Huang et al., 2018). The disease afflicts about 35.6 million people around the world. The number is expected to double by 2030 and triple by 2050. Even in most high-income countries, it is difficult for dementia patients to obtain adequate medical care, where only about 50% of dementia patients are correctly diagnosed, while in low-income and middle-income countries, less than 10% of cases are diagnosed. With the aging of the population, the number of patients with dementia is also increasing (Jager et al., 2014).
Natural Product Compounds from Plants in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Namrita Lall in Medicinal Plants for Cosmetics, Health and Diseases, 2022
Neurodegenerative disorder or neurodegenerative disease is ‘umbrella terminology’ for the cluster of diseases that are characterized by progressive and irreversible damage to the central and peripheral nervous system. Neurodegeneration leads to a gradual loss of structure and function of the neuronal population of cells leading to impairments, thereby severely affecting the lives of patients (Wang et al., 2020). The most common factors which are intricately associated with neurodegeneration include aging, genetic mutations, epigenetics, environmental triggers, oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, aberrant neuronal signaling, abnormal protein accumulation and programmed cell death (Pang et al., 2019; Taylor et al., 2002; Vila and Przedborski, 2003).
The Role of Oxidative Stress in Neurodegeneration and Protection by Antioxidants
Abhai Kumar, Debasis Bagchi in Antioxidants and Functional Foods for Neurodegenerative Disorders, 2021
Neurodegeneration refers to the disease condition in which certain neuronal groups in the brain and spinal cord, such as neurons related to cognitive functions and cells related to motor functions, lose their structure and function and gradually die. Unfortunately, the root cause of this is not yet known mainly because the type of neuron cells that degenerate depends on the disease type. These types can be divided broadly into the following categories: Disease syndromes that prevent fine motor movements: PD and Parkinsonian syndrome (multiple system atrophy, progressive supranuclear palsy, etc.)Disease syndromes that make it difficult to maintain the balance of the body: Spinocerebellar degeneration, some spastic paraplegia, etc.Disease syndromes that decrease muscle strength: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), etc.Disease syndromes that decrease cognitive ability: AD, Lewy body dementia, basal ganglia degeneration, etc.
PGC-1α-siRNA suppresses inflammation in substantia nigra of PD mice by inhibiting microglia
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2023
Xin Guan, Pengyue Wu, Bing Cao, Xiaoting Liu, Xi Chen, Wenpei Zhang, Yanqiu Zhang, Zhenlong Guan, Yanqin Wang
In summary, our experimental results do not conflict with the experimental results described above. But there are several limitations in our study. First, we did not design a microglia-specific PGC-1α lentivirus, and our lentivirus would transfect not only microglia, but also dopaminergic neurons and astrocytes, thus affect dopaminergic neuron activity. Second, in vitro experiments should be carried out in cell lines to study the regulation of PGC-1α on microglia. Finally, considering the interconversion between M1 and M2 microglia, early detection of endpoint may not be convincing, and it will be interesting to examine the effects at different time points of neurodegeneration. The results suggest that current therapies targeting a single pathogenic mechanism or single cell type are not yet effective and may fail in clinical trials. There is a strong theoretical basis for considering novel neuroprotective therapies using pleiotropic drugs for several neuropathology. The search for novel neuroprotective and neurorestorative therapies for neurodegeneration disease must be continued and expanded in order to achieve better clinical outcomes.
Antioxidant Effects of Resveratrol in Intervertebral Disk
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2022
Yachong Huo, Dalong Yang, Kaitao Lai, Ji Tu, Yibo Zhu, Wenyuan Ding, Sidong Yang
Resveratrol (3,5,4’-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene), a polyphenol compound, has been identified in various plants and red wine. So far, it has not reached a consensus on the antioxidant effects and properties of resveratrol because of its complicated mechanism. Antioxidant effects and properties of resveratrol have been widely documented, but the related mechanism remains to be elucidated.11–13 Resveratrol has been shown to alleviate neurodegenerative diseases by activating SIRT1 signaling.14 These neurodegenerative diseases include amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease. In terms of osteoarthritis, resveratrol, as an anti-AGEs (advanced glycation end products) therapeutics, can effectively slow osteoarthritis progression by degrading AGEs.15 However, resveratrol have been found that it can be quickly eliminated, and might have toxic side effects if administered at high doses.16 Therefore, resveratrol might also delay the progression of IVDD by inhibiting oxidative stress, and the effect of resveratrol at an appropriate dose on IVDD should also be clarified.
Design, synthesis, and evaluation of 3,7-substituted coumarin derivatives as multifunctional Alzheimer’s disease agents
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2021
Sheunopa C. Mzezewa, Sylvester I. Omoruyi, Luke S. Zondagh, Sarel F. Malan, Okobi E. Ekpo, Jacques Joubert
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are a group of cognitive and movement-related disorders resulting from neuronal loss in the brain. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most prevalent ND with over 30 million diagnosed patients worldwide1,2. Its symptoms are progressive and irreversible, initially characterised by recurring short-term memory loss which progresses to degeneration of higher cognitive functions such as decision making and language. Due to the nature of these symptoms, the disease comes at a great burden economically and socially3,4. There is no singular cause or process that is responsible for this neurodegeneration, rather it is the result of different interlinked mechanisms, underpinned by genetic and environmental factors. This complex pathophysiology has made treatment difficult and only symptomatic relief is provided by the drugs currently available on the market5–7.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Neuron
- Cell Death
- Als
- Multiple Sclerosis
- Parkinson's Disease
- Alzheimer's Disease
- Huntington's Disease
- Multiple System Atrophy
- Tauopathy
- Prion