Cognition, Language and Intelligence
Rolland S. Parker in Concussive Brain Trauma, 2016
Aphasia may be defined as a disorder of language acquired secondary to brain damage. Language refers to communication symbols and rules for their use. It requires facility for expression and reception. Aphasia is a disorder of language secondary to brain damage. It is differentiated from motor speech disorders as a disorder of language as a complex system of communication symbols and rules for their use, whereas speech is the articulation and phonation of language sounds (dysarthria, dysphonia, voice disorders), stuttering and speech dyspraxia. Aphasia is also distinguished from disorders of thought, that is, the mental processing of images, memories, and perceptions, usually involving language symbols. Psychiatric disorders derange thought and alter the content of speech without affecting its linguistic structure. While diffuse brain disorders (e.g., encephalitis, dementia) are aphasias, they involve other cognitive functions, which distinguish them from focal brain lesions. Involvement of the language cortex creates disorders of naming, reading, writing, memory, and visuospatial processes (Kirshner, 2004).
All about Foreign Accent Syndrome
Jack Ryalls, Nick Miller in Foreign Accent Syndromes, 2014
Of course speech and language examination furnishes only one part of the jigsaw puzzle. Speech evaluation is set in the wider context of neurological, radiological, neuropsychological and case history assessments; it informs these other areas of investigation and is at the same time informed by them. From the narrow speech and voice assessment perspective, the nub of the differen -tiation concerns whether observed speech behaviours correspond with the pattern of occurrence recognised as characteristic of given neurological motor speech disorders. One seeks to ascertain whether the nature of variation in speech sound production obeys rules and patterns of variability known to typify motor speech disorders. The case history establishes whether the onset and course of the speech changes has followed well-attested neurological lines.
Signs and Symptoms in Psychiatry
Mohamed Ahmed Abd El-Hay in Essentials of Psychiatric Assessment, 2018
Dysarthria is a motor speech disorder that encompasses a wide variety of neurogenic speech disorders that result from alterations of the range, speed, strength, or coordination of the speech mechanism. The physiological systems involved in the production of speech (i.e., respiration “breath support”; phonation “voice production”; articulation “pronunciation of words”; resonation “nasal versus oral voice quality”; and prosody “rate, rhythm, and inflection patterns of speech”) may be variably affected. The specific nature of the speech impairment is largely determined by the manifestation of one or more pathophysiological processes, including spasticity, rigidity, flaccidity, ataxia, dysmetria, and tremor, resulting from different neurological disorders. A dysarthria subtype partially derives its name from the main characteristics of the underlying movement disorder (DeLassus, 2014). Several types of dysarthria were described:
Implementation of the C-BiLLT, an accessible instrument to assess language comprehension in children with limited motor and speech function: an international clinician survey
Published in Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 2023
Jael N. Bootsma, Kristine Stadskleiv, Michelle Phoenix, Johanna J. M. Geytenbeek, Jan Willem Gorter, Dayle McCauley, Sara Fiske, Fiona Campbell, Natasha Crews, Barbara Jane Cunningham
Cerebral palsy is the most common cause of childhood-onset physical disability worldwide (Oskoui et al., 2013). Children with cerebral palsy are at high risk for communication disorders as a result of motor, sensory, language, and cognitive impairments associated with the disability (Mei et al., 2016; Pennington et al., 2004; Rosenbaum et al., 2007). Language impairments affecting comprehension of vocabulary and grammar are found across the entire spectrum of motor functioning (Pirila et al., 2007; Stadskleiv et al., 2018; Vaillant et al., 2020; Voorman et al., 2010; Vos et al., 2014). Motor-speech disorders are also common and lead to reduced intelligibility or even the absence of functional speech (Andersen et al., 2010; Hustad et al., 2014; Sigurdardottir & Vik, 2011). Such communication impairments often have a pervasive and detrimental impact on children’s social, educational, and emotional well-being and development (Clarke et al., 2011, 2012; Raghavendra et al., 2012). In many cases where both motor and speech skills are impacted, children have complex communication needs and require augmentative and alternative communication (AAC).
Range of motion (ROM) in the lips and jaw during vowels assessed with 3D motion analysis in Swedish children with typical speech development and children with speech sound disorders
Published in Logopedics Phoniatrics Vocology, 2022
Åsa Mogren, Anita McAllister, Lotta Sjögreen
All children in the SSD group had a confirmed SSD at the time of referral to the clinic. The speech assessment was carried out to rule out or confirm an oral motor/speech motor involvement, but no assessment of language involvement was made. The syllables used in this study require minimal language skills and consists of speech sounds that should already be mastered in the present age range. The assessment resulted in a motor speech disorder diagnosis for all 51 children in the clinical group. Twenty children were assessed as having SMD, 17 CAS, 10 SMD/suspected CAS, three articulation impairment and one DD. However, due to few participants and an uneven distribution of individuals in the subgroups these subgroups will not be compared to one another. Thus, comparisons will be made between a combined group of children with SSD presenting with SMD, CAS, and/or SMD/suspected CAS and children with TSD.
Effects of utterance rate and length on the spatiotemporal index in Parkinson’s disease
Published in International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 2020
Shin Ying Chu, Steven M. Barlow, Jaehoon Lee, Jingyan Wang
All participants repeated the syllable “pa” and the first sentence from the Rainbow Passage “When the sunlight strikes raindrops in the air, they act like a prism and form a rainbow” at three different speech rates. These two tasks were chosen because it is commonly practiced by speech-language pathologists when assessing patients with motor speech disorders. To reduce fatigue among elderly with PD, only the first sentence of the Rainbow Passage was repeated. Movements of the upper lip (UL), lower lip and jaw ([LL + J]) were captured using a three-dimensional optical motion capture system (Motion Analysis Corporation, Santa Rosa, CA). The computerised tracking system consists of five infra-red cameras that are strategically placed in an arc within the recording suite to capture facial movements. Sixteen infra-red reflective sphere markers (6 mm diameter) were placed on the participants’ lower face with double-sided adhesive tape. Movements were sampled at 119.88 Hz. A miniature microphone (SONY electret condenser microphone, model ECM-DS30P) was attached to the participants’ shirt collar to record the audio signal. The audio signal was sampled at 4195.8 Hz (NI-USB 6218) and synchronised with the Motion Analysis system.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Apraxia of Speech
- Developmental Verbal Dyspraxia
- Musculoskeletal System
- Respiration
- Dysarthria
- Tongue
- Speech Disorder
- Lip
- Jaw
- Apraxia of Speech
- Motor Planning