Norepinephrine in Depression and Anxiety
Siegfried Kasper, Johan A. den Boer, J. M. Ad Sitsen in Handbook of Depression and Anxiety, 2003
There has been substantial progress in elucidating many of the normal functions of NA in the brain. The LC appears to be a critical component in the brain’s attention system [43]. NA modulation of the PFC explains one aspect of how we modulate our focus on rapidly changing external events [40-42]. In the periphery, NA serves to ready the body for a potential challenge in the classic flight-or-fight paradigm. CNS NA also serves to modify the storage of emotion-laden memory, perhaps conveying aspects of emotional significance to memory of events [44,45]. Chronic activation of NA causes adaptive changes in NA neurons and postsynaptic brain areas, possibly contributing to the symptoms of stress [30-32]. Increasing NA release in healthy people results in mild anxiety [7] and decreasing it results in mild decreases in attention, fatigue, and irritability (4952, 115-118, 121, 130, 196). More marked differences have been observed in various patient groups, but the fact that such differences exist suggests that NA dysfunction may not be the central pathophysiological component in most patients with affective and/or anxiety disorders.
A Review of Classic Physiological Systems
Len Wisneski in The Scientific Basis of Integrative Health, 2017
The limbic system is an amazing system. As depicted in Figure 1.2, it surrounds the hypothalamus. Consisting of scattered but interconnected regions of gray matter, it is our emotional brain. It receives all incoming sensory input and is capable of output to motor, endocrine, and visceral systems. The limbic system is also central to our memory, and as we will see, emotion and memory are integrally related. The limbic system is made up of various processes, including the cingulate gyrus, fornix, and mamillary body. But the processes that we will concern ourselves with here are those of the amygdala, the hippocampus, and the subiculum as well as the thalamus and hypothalamus, which we just reviewed.
Sympathomimetics
Frank A. Barile in Barile’s Clinical Toxicology, 2019
Chronic MA abuse significantly changes brain function. Noninvasive human brain imaging studies have reported alterations in dopamine activity in CNS neurons associated with reduced motor performance and impaired verbal learning. More recently, chronic users have also shown severe structural and functional changes in brain tissue associated with emotion and memory. Structural and neuropharmacological changes in brain physiology account for the emotional and cognitive problems observed in chronic users.
Chronotype and time of day effects on verbal and facial emotional Stroop task performance in adolescents
Published in Chronobiology International, 2022
The use of a between-subjects design for the time-of-day testing factor precluded comparisons on emotion processing by the same individual in the morning and afternoon. The chronotype and time of day interaction on PSQI and DASS instruments suggests evening types may display diurnal changes in mood-congruent memory bias that requires further external validation. Prior research on threat-related attentional biases included fearful stimuli. The lack of a fear stimulus in the present study precluded comparisons between the two threat-related signals. The translated version of the Verbal Emotional Stroop Task was not validated and may explain the lack of effects found in this study. Time of the test was restricted to the daytime and not evening as the study was conducted in school setting during the school hours. The MEQ scores were transformed into a chronotype group at point of data entry and raw scores were not recorded digitally for use as a continuous variable.
When Do Older Adults Show a Positivity Effect in Emotional Memory?
Published in Experimental Aging Research, 2018
Clémence Joubert, Patrick S. R. Davidson, Hanna Chainay
Studies of emotion and memory vary in their use of images, words, sentences and other materials as the stimuli of interest. Whether findings on the positivity effect with the IAPS pictures (used by Charles et al., 2003, and by us here) generalize to other materials is still an open question. To our eyes, many of the IAPS pictures are beginning to look dated, so it might be useful to update stimuli from a more recent normative set in future work (e.g., Kensinger & Schacter, 2008).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Amygdala
- Emotion
- Fluorodeoxyglucose
- Valence
- Autobiographical Memory
- Fight-Or-Flight Response
- Affect
- Arousal
- Information Processing
- Encoding