Anatomy for neurotrauma
Hemanshu Prabhakar, Charu Mahajan, Indu Kapoor in Essentials of Anesthesia for Neurotrauma, 2018
The basal ganglia include clusters of neurons located deep beneath the cerebral cortex, associated with the modulation of motor activities in the brain. It comprises of the corpus striatum, divided by the fibers of the internal capsule into a medial caudate nucleus, and a lateral lentiform nucleus; the claustrum; and the amygdaloid body. The lentiform nucleus is further subdivided into putamen and globus pallidus. The caudate nucleus and the putamen are together referred to as the striatum, while the globus pallidus is called the pallidum. Recent researches indicate the subthalamic nucleus (part of the diencephalon) and the substantia nigra (part of the midbrain) to be functionally related to the basal ganglia.
Physiology of the Pain System
Sahar Swidan, Matthew Bennett in Advanced Therapeutics in Pain Medicine, 2020
The brain does not merely witness the nociceptive signal. It actively participates in constructing the nociceptive signal. The spinothalamic tract ultimately communicates with higher nociception processing centers within the brain. The lateral thalamic nuclei, SI, and SII somatosensory cortices play a sensory discriminative role. The medial thalamic nuclei, and anterior and medial cingulate cortices interpret the emotional significance of the stimuli via the limbic system. The insula, cerebellum, and prefrontal cortex contribute to memory and fear avoidance behaviors. The lentiform nucleus, and cerebellum are involved in reflexive motor responsiveness.2
PET Applications to Surgical Treatment of Parkinson's Disease
Lucien Côté, Lola L. Sprinzeles, Robin Elliott, Austin H. Kutscher in Parkinson's Disease and Quality of Life, 2014
To move on to the area of glucose metabolic abnormalities in Parkinson's disease. What one sees at the earliest stages of Parkinsonism is an increase in glucose utilization localized to the area of the pallidum. The issue of pallidal hypermetabolism turns out to be critical to the understanding of the pathophysiology of the illness and also for planning surgical interventions. Not every patient exhibits this hypermetabolism. We found that cohorts of patients, perhaps accounting for as many as a third of patients diagnosed clinically as having PD fail to respond in a sustained way to levodopa. A number of these patients have other illnesses such as striatronigral degeneration which can be demonstrated with glucose PET. We have also used methods of network analysis to understand the relationships between brain regions and their function rather than their anatomy. In Parkinsonism, there is a hyperactivity of inhibitory networks emanating from the lentiform nucleus going into the thalamus and then ultimately a shut-off of motor cortical areas. We found that network expression in Parkinsonian patients also correlates quite closely with their disease severity. A specific network appears to be a constant signature of the disease and its expression in individual subjects. The greater the expression of this network the more severe the Parkinsonism. We find that this network can be used to differentiate typical Parkinson's disease, i.e., Sinemet responsive patients, from their drug-resistant counterparts. Additionally, small asymmetries in glucose metabolism favoring the side contralateral to the clinical involvement can be used in early diagnosis. This method allows us to identify drug resistant patients at the earliest stages of the illness.
Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-induced toxic leukoencephalopathy: a case report
Published in Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 2018
Haitham Salem, Travis Barton, Taha Ali, Ashley Anderson, Antonio L Teixeira
The attending clinicians considered hypotheses of delirium and/or puerperal psychosis and conducted a comprehensive workup in the inpatient setting. Her lab results, which included a complete blood count, metabolic panel, lipid profile, thyroid function tests, and serum toxicological screen, were all unrevealing. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain (Figure 1) showed diffuse, extensive confluent T2 hyper-intensity of the periventricular deep and subcortical white matter. There was sparing of subcortical U-fibres with associated patchy areas of abnormal restricted diffusion/cytotoxic oedema, predominantly along the deep and subcortical white matter. There was also signal abnormality that involved the bilateral caudate heads and lentiform nucleus. To a lesser extent, there was also involvement of the bilateral thalami. Subtle T2 hyper-intensity involving the left insular cortex and left amygdala was noted. Based on these findings, the diagnosis of delirium due to toxic leukoencephalopathy was strongly suspected. The patient was sent to an inpatient neurology setting for further investigation and management.
Flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3): genetic variants and their consequences for drug metabolism and disease
Published in Xenobiotica, 2020
Ian R. Phillips, Elizabeth A. Shephard
A genome-wide association study identified a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (rs1795240) located just downstream of the FMO3 gene as being the most highly associated with differences in the volume of the lentiform nucleus (Hibar et al., 2013), which has been implicated in several heritable degenerative and psychiatric disorders, including Parkinsonian syndromes, Huntingdon’s disease, Wilson’s disease, Tourette’s syndrome and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. However, the mechanism by which the SNP might affect lentiform nucleus volume is unknown.
Cognitive performance and aphasia recovery
Published in Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation, 2018
José Fonseca, Ana Raposo, Isabel Pavão Martins
Brain imaging analysis was carried out on CT (36 cases) or MRI3 performed 0.69 ± 1.03 days (range 0 to 3 days) post onset. Average ASPECT score was 7.08 ± 1.74 (3–10). The interrater reliability was 0.89, 95% CI [0.81, 0.94], p < 0.001. In 8 cases (20.5%), lesion localization had to be decided by consensus. Most of the lesions were located on insula ribbon, lateral MCA cortex, and lentiform nucleus. The less affected region was the caudate nucleus (Table 3).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Caudate Nucleus
- Coronal Plane
- Insular Cortex
- Internal Capsule
- Putamen
- Basal Ganglia
- White Matter
- Globus Pallidus
- Grey Matter
- Striatum