Central nervous system
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha in Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
The lateral ventricles are roughly 6 cm long and lie in the cerebral hemispheres either side of the midline below the corpus callosum. Each comprises an anterior horn, posterior horn and temporal horn situated in the frontal lobe, occipital lobe and temporal lobes of the brain, respectively. In the posterior part of the anterior horn is the interventricular foramen, which joins the two ventricles and communicates inferiorly to open into the third ventricle through the foramen of Monro. The single third ventricle is a narrow midline structure situated between the two thalami. The floor is formed by the hypothalamus and an anterior projection forms the infundibular recess of the pituitary gland. It communicates posteriorly and inferiorly through the aqueduct of Sylvius to the fourth ventricle.
The nervous system
Laurie K. McCorry, Martin M. Zdanowicz, Cynthia Y. Gonnella in Essentials of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology for Pharmacy and Allied Health, 2019
Embedded within the brain are four ventricles or chambers that form a continuous fluid-filled system. In the roof of each of these ventricles is a network of capillaries referred to as the choroid plexus. It is from the choroid plexuses of the two lateral ventricles (one in each cerebral hemisphere) that cerebrospinal fluid is primarily derived. Due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier, the selective transport processes of the choroid plexus determine the composition of the CSF. Therefore, the composition of the CSF is markedly different from the composition of the plasma. However, the CSF is in equilibrium with the interstitial fluid of the brain and contributes to the maintenance of a consistent chemical environment for the neurons, which serves to optimize their function.
Brain Injury and Infant Cardiac Surgery: Overview
Richard A. Jonas, Jane W. Newburger, Joseph J. Volpe, John W. Kirklin in Brain Injury and Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, 2019
Periventricular leukomalacia can be identified in the living infant in the acute period by cranial ultrasonography performed through the open anterior fontanelle.18,19 The acute lesion appears as bilateral, generally symmetric echodensities in periventricular white matter dorsal and lateral to the external angle of the lateral ventricle. It is usually most marked in the white matter around the trigone of the lateral ventricle. After approximately one to three weeks, the echodense lesions are interrupted by small echolucent lesions, which are the ultrasonographic correlate of the cysts observed pathologically. The cysts are visualized best on parasagittal ultrasonographic views, particularly in the peritrigonal regions. After many months, cranial ultrasonograms may no longer show the echolucent cysts because the cysts collapse at the site of the glial scar. However, the lateral ventricular dilation is identified readily at this time and reflects the deficiency of cerebral myelin discussed earlier.
Clinical features of patients with high and normal CSFP in venous pulsating tinnitus
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2020
The flow of cerebrospinal fluid has a certain directionality. The collateral plexus of the two lateral ventricles is the most abundant and produces most of the cerebrospinal fluid. This cerebrospinal fluid flows into the third ventricle through the interventricular pores and then flows into the fourth ventricle through the midbrain aqueduct. The cerebrospinal fluid produced by the choroid plexus of each ventricle converges in the fourth ventricle and flows into the subarachnoid space of the brain and spinal cord through the median and lateral foramina of the fourth ventricle. Finally, the cerebrospinal fluid infiltrates into the superior sagittal sinus through the arachnoid granules beside the sagittal sinus before returning to the venous system [16–18]. Under normal circumstances, there are arachnoid granules in the cross-sectional area of the transverse sinus and sigmoid sinus on the dominant drainage side. When inflammation occurs, it may cause adhesion and narrowing of the vascular lumen, and hemodynamic changes occur when blood flows through the stenosis. Watane et al also found a correlation between arachnoid granules and BIH [19]. Most MRA and MRV results in this study showed superior drainage of the sigmoid sinus on the tinnitus side. We speculate that high CSFP may impact the hemodynamics of intracranial veins, and abnormal intracranial veins may also affect CSFP; that is to say, intracranial veins and CSFP interact through the important medium – arachnoid granules, and thereby participate in the occurrence and development of vascular tinnitus.
Pseudo-Roberts Syndrome: An Entity or Not?
Published in Fetal and Pediatric Pathology, 2022
Behzad Salari, Louis P. Dehner
Autopsy findings included: (a) respiratory system with hypoplastic lungs, bilobed right lung (3.7 g), and unilobed left lung (3.0 g; combined normal = 27.4 ± 8.4 g [4]); (b) cardiovascular system with double outlet right ventricle, ventricular septal defect (Fig. 3), right ventricle hypertrophy (right ventricle wall thickness: 5.0 mm; normal 1.8–3.8 mm), pulmonary artery atresia (also known as pulmonary atresia) and pulmonary arteries branching from ductus arteriosus (Fig. 4), and bicuspid aortic valve (aortic circumference: 1.9 cm; normal 1.0–1.6 cm [5]); (c) gastrointestinal system with narrowed left colon and retrodisplaced anus (Fig. 5); (d) genitourinary system with severe hypospadias with small penile remnant and labial scrotum (Fig. 6); (e) central nervous system showing asymmetrical dilatation of lateral ventricles (right > left).
The effect of ventricular volume increase in the amplitude of intracranial pressure
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2019
João Apura, Jorge Tiago, Alexandra Bugalho de Moura, José Artur Lourenço, Adélia Sequeira
The 3 D model represents the space occupied by CSF and surrounding solid structures. The solid structures are composed of two large lateral and symmetric ventricles (LV) with the shape of a slightly deformed “C”, a third ventricle with a cylindrical form and a fourth ventricle with a rhomboid geometry. The third and fourth ventricles are located between both lateral ventricles, in the median sagittal plane (Kurtcuoglu et al. 2005). For the lateral ventricles, it was considered a diameter of 4 mm an overall height of 60.5 mm and a length of 73.5 mm which are approximations to those referenced in (Sweetman et al. 2011). The cylindrical structure of the third ventricle was modeled with 10 mm depth and with an anterior-posterior length of approximately 30 mm (Furlan et al. 2008). This was accomplished with an elliptical base having a greater radius of 15.25 mm and a smaller radius of 6.25 mm. The fourth ventricle was designed with length 9 mm width 7.75 mm and height 3 mm All structures were hollow, with a wall thickness of 0.25 mm.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Cerebral Hemisphere
- Cerebrospinal Fluid
- Parietal Lobe
- Third Ventricle
- Ventricular System
- Occipital Lobe
- Frontal Lobe
- Temporal Lobe
- Brain
- Interventricular Foramina