Bioenergetics
Michael H. Stone, Timothy J. Suchomel, W. Guy Hornsby, John P. Wagle, Aaron J. Cunanan in Strength and Conditioning in Sports, 2023
Using this method, anaerobic metabolism is apparently quite inefficient compared to aerobic metabolism and FFA metabolism is equal to or greater than carbohydrate. However, the total rate of ATP production or free energy production in biological systems is not considered using this method. However, we should consider what actually occurs in biological systems. Free energy refers to energy free to perform work (35, 171). In biological systems, the energy change (∆ H) during fast glycolysis from starting with glucose and ending with lactate is approximately –47 kcal mol–1. The potential energy available (∆ G) for ATP is approximately –7.3 kcal mol–1. A negative sign indicates that the energy given up during exergonic reactions is available to perform work. However, note that in living systems, the ∆ H for physiological release of ATP is approximately –11 kcal mol–1. Thus, more accurate methods of calculating efficiency for fast glycolysis and the total oxidation of glucose would be as follows: Fast glycolysis: efficiency = 2 (–11)/47 = 47%Oxidation of glucose: efficiency = 38 (–11)/686 = 61%
Erwin Schrödinger (1887–1961)
Krishna Dronamraju in A Century of Geneticists, 2018
Perutz and others have argued that we live on free energy and that there was no necessity to postulate negative entropy. Pauling (1987) commented that when Schrödinger was discussing a change in the entropy of the system, he never defined the system. Pauling wrote, “Sometimes he seems to consider that the system is a living organism with no interaction whatever with the environment; sometimes it is a living organism in thermal equilibrium with the environment; and sometimes it is the living organism plus the environment, that is, the universe as a whole.” Pauling wrote that Schrödinger failed to recognize the most important question: “How biological specificity is achieved; that is, how the amino-acid residues are ordered into the well-defined sequence characteristic of the specific organism.”
Physical Chemistry of Bilirubin: Binding to Macromolecules and Membranes
Karel P. M. Heirwegh, Stanley B. Brown in Bilirubin, 1982
The process in Equation 21 is reversible,135,137,153 although equilibrium may be obtained slowly. It is then possible to calculate the loss of free energy on transport of bilirubin from plasma to tissues, provided active transport is not involved in any step between the bilirubin-albumin complex in plasma and the bilirubin acid aggregate in the target organelle. A basic thermodynamic rule states that the loss of free energy is independent of the pathway of transport and depends only upon the chemical identity of the substances involved and their concentrations at the start and finish of the transport process. We may, therefore, imagine that the process takes place by precipitation of bilirubin acid on target membrane structures suspended in plasma. Under these circumstances the loss of free energy is
Prediction of RNA secondary structure based on stem region replacement using the RSRNA algorithm
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2021
Chengzhen Xu, Longjian Gao, Jin Li, Longfeng Shen, Hong Liang, Kuan Luan, Xiaomin Wu
When predicting RNA secondary structures, it was difficult to determine which structure was the most optimal. If the root stem was incorrectly predicted, then the probability of the next selected stem was incorrectly increased. Therefore, it was better to select numerous stems that formed a variety of secondary structures in the evaluation. We could also select the root stem and secondary structure based on the sequence length and the type of RNA. Even if the free energy of the true RNA secondary structure was not the lowest possible, it should be close to the lowest theoretical value. In addition, if the selected longest stem was the true stem, then the formed secondary structure, by both the longest stem and the following selected stems, have the potential to exist at minimum free energy. In other words, if the first few stems were selected correctly, the corresponding free energy would also be low. Indeed, the opposite might also occur, but in this case, the minimum free energy difference was too small to allow that occurrence.
Multiscale Bayesian state-space model for Granger causality analysis of brain signal
Published in Journal of Applied Statistics, 2019
Sezen Cekic, Didier Grandjean, Olivier Renaud
The most appropriate approach to evaluate the compatibility of this type of hypothesis with the data would be to compute for each time t a Bayes factor between the VAR model under the restriction t (t, this would require the computation of the evidence of model t. At the very least, one would need to estimate a different (conditional) model for each t and compute its free energy. Additionaly, we have no guarantee that the free-energy approximation is of the same magnitude for all these models.
Bone fracture healing within a continuum bone remodelling framework
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2022
Ina Schmidt, Jacob Albert, Marina Ritthaler, Areti Papastavrou, Paul Steinmann
Inspired by Harrigan and Hamilton (1993), the mass source R0 is governed by the volume-specific free energy density 2020b), as c controls the speed of mass evolution and has dimension of time divided by length squared. The reference free energy denoted as attractor stimulusm is relevant in terms of numerical stability and should therefore be set to m > n (Harrigan and Hamilton 1993; Harrigan and Hamilton 1994). With the free energy given above, the mechanical stimulus may alternatively be expressed as
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