Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attacks of the Brain and Eye
Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw in Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
Other features of SAH include: Vomiting (75%).Depressed consciousness (67%).Focal neurologic signs (15%).Intraocular subhyaloid hemorrhages (linear or flame-shaped hemorrhages in the preretinal layer (Figure 12.12) (14%).Epileptic seizures (7%).Delirium (1%).Radicular or precordial pain (spinal SAH).Severe hypertension.Electrocardiographic changes that can mimic those of acute myocardial infarction (MI).
Headache associated with central nervous system infection
Stephen D. Silberstein, Richard B. Upton, Peter J. Goadsby in Headache in Clinical Practice, 2018
The signs and symptoms of a brain abscess depend on the location of the abscess and the amount of mass effect it produces. Headache, often hemicranial, is the most common presenting symptom, but an abscess can present with a seizure.84,85 Focal neurologic signs and altered mental status are common.83,86 Signs of an antecedent infection, such as otitis media, sinusitis, a dental infection, or endocarditis, may be present. Fever and leukocytosis are less likely to be present. Nausea and vomiting often begin a week after headache onset.83 These symptoms may result from increased intracranial pressure, although less than half of patients have papilledema at presentation.83,87 With a cerebellar abscess, the headache is often suboccipital and there is associated cervical pain and rigidity.24 In 1893, Sir William Macewen described the successful treatment of brain abscess by surgical drainage. The development of antibiotics, advances in neurosurgical techniques, and the use of CT scanning and MRI have all contributed to the significant reduction in mortality that has occurred.83,89
Intraventricular neurocysticercosis causing obstructing hydrocephalus
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2022
Alejandro Perez, Gaurav Syngal, Samreen Fathima, Sam Laali, Sadat Shamim
Neurocysticercosis is caused by the pork tapeworm Taenia solium.1 Intraventricular neurocysticercosis, which occurs in 10% to 20% of cases, develops when cysticerci become lodged in the ventricular outflow tracks, with consequent obstructive hydrocephalus and increased intracranial pressure.2 Associated symptoms include headache, nausea, vomiting, altered mental status, and decreased visual acuity with papilledema.3 Less frequent symptoms include seizures and focal neurologic signs, usually from coexistent disease in the parenchyma or subarachnoid space.4 Occasionally, mobile cysts in the third and fourth ventricle can cause intermittent obstruction, leading to episodes of sudden loss of consciousness related to head movements (Bruns syndrome).5 We present a case of neurocysticercosis involving obstruction of the fourth ventricle leading to hydrocephalus.
Intracranial Hypertension Associated With Testosterone Therapy In Female-To-Male Transgender Patients: A Case Report And Literature Review
Published in Seminars in Ophthalmology, 2023
Alisha Kamboj, Meghan M. Brown, Anne S. Abel
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a rare disorder affecting 1 to 2 per 100,000 people in the United States.1,2 It is most prevalent in women of child-bearing age and is often associated with weight gain. Patients frequently present with symptoms of increased intracranial pressure (ICP), including headache, transient visual obscurations, diplopia, and pulsatile tinnitus.1 The disorder is a diagnosis of exclusion and must fulfill the Modified Dandy Criteria: signs or symptoms of elevated ICP; absence of localizing or focal neurologic signs, with the exception of abducens nerve palsy or impaired consciousness; increased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure with normal CSF composition; and absence of an alternative etiology on examination and neuro-imaging.3 While rare, IIH may lead to optic neuropathy and precipitate permanent vision loss. The substantial morbidity associated with IIH highlights the importance of timely and appropriate evaluation and management.1
Cognitive fatigue in traumatic brain injury: a pilot study comparing state and trait fatigue
Published in Brain Injury, 2021
S Malloy, H Genova, N Chiaravalloti, J DeLuca, P Holtzheimer, GR Wylie
Twenty-one participants were recruited as part of a larger study. All participants had sustained a moderate to severe TBI, defined as the lowest Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) rating in the first 24 hours following injury, being below 13 (14) (see Table 1). When a GCS score was not available, subjects were included only when sufficient medical documentation allowed for a post-hoc estimation of initial GCS, or if other confirmatory data were available (e.g., positive anatomic neuroimaging findings, focal neurologic signs). As Table 1 shows, the mean age of the sample was 43.9 years (SD = 13.0). They had an average of 14.8 years of education (SD = 2.1), and in all cases, the TBI was chronic (mean time since injury = 89.1 months, SD = 62.9; see Table 1). Most participants had sustained their injury as a result of a motor-vehicle accident (63%), followed by falls (23%) and assault (14%).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Central Nervous System
- Encephalitis
- Meningitis
- Paralysis
- Stroke
- Spinal Cord
- Neoplasm
- Brain
- Paresis
- Head Injury