Cognitive symptoms related to executive functions
Aurora Lassaletta, Ruth Clarke in The Invisible Brain Injury, 2019
I have come to realise that internal disorganisation is complicated to recognise and understand from the outside. Sometimes, even I can’t understand how it can be more difficult to organise the menu for the day than to sit down in my slow rhythm and translate a text from English to Spanish. In many cases, cognitive functions are independent of one another. For example, translation from one language to another might be easier for someone who is bilingual, because in this activity they don’t need to hold the same amount of data and variables in their head in advance, just to remember the meaning of the word and write it down. Planning, however, means keeping your mind on targets, resources, strategies and personal and environmental circumstances, and that requires a significant amount of working memory.
Vehicle Interlock Programs: Protecting the Community Against the Drunk Driver
Elsie R. Shore, Joseph R. Ferrari in Preventing Drunk Driving, 2014
(4) Protective Planning Methods. McKnight et al. (1994) have demonstrated that a lack of planning in advance of attending drinking events is a major contributor to impaired driving. The goal behind providing support services in conjunction with an interlock program is to help offenders avoid DUI. The planning element is to convey advance thinking. Such planning may preclude becoming stranded without a ride (because BAC is too high to start car) or to avoid further costly DUI citations. Discussions with case managers include how to think about ride-share programs, (never assume there will be sober drivers at a drinking event willing to provide a ride home), anticipating high-risk situations (e.g., based on Marlatt's relapse prevention model), preplanning for a designated driver, and other ways to use planning to reduce exposure to high-risk situations. Cost calculations are done to assist the offender in appreciating the pragmatic implications of careless driving decisions.
Cross-cultural Challenges to the Development of a Culture-Sensitive Pedagogy within an Emerging ‘Global Culture’
J.-C. Lasry, J. Adair, K. Dion in Latest Contributions to Cross-Cultural Psychology, 2020
Recent research has shown the need to develop good planning strategies that are sensitive to everyday cognition. The work of Tanon (1994) in the Ivory Coast showed how informal planning of weaving tasks can transfer successfully to other school related tasks that require planning skills. Research focussing on the skill of carefully selecting those culture specific behaviours that are perceived to improve teaching and learning effectiveness, and those behaviours that do the opposite, would also be included. An example of positive sensitivity would be the work of Nunes (1994) using the methods of Brazilian street mathematics. Being sensitive to the more negative side of certain cultural influences is discussed in the work of Kean-Terry (1994). She has shown in Singapore how culture-specific teaching styles associated with rote learning of Mandarin, can transfer across to other subjects of the curriculum, probably having a negative effect on developing creative, original and analytical thinking generally.
Improvement of Planning Abilities in Adults with Prader-Willi Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Published in Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 2021
Séverine Estival, Virginie Laurier, Fabien Mourre, Virginie Postal
Prader-Willi Syndrome is a neurodevelopmental genetic disorder characterized by various expressions of endocrine, neurologic, cognitive and behavioral symptoms.1 The disorder is caused by the loss of expression of the imprinted genes from the 15q11q13 region of the paternal chromosome 15.2 Approximately 60% of cases are due to the deletion of the whole 15q11q13 region (type I deletion) or a part of it (type II deletion) and in 35% of cases, the entire 15th maternal chromosome is duplicated and the paternal chromosome is lost (uniparental maternal disomy).3 PWS is characterized by infantile hypotonia, mental retardation, feeding difficulty in infancy that evolves to an extreme drive to eat in childhood, dysmorphic features, short stature, hypogonadism, sleep apnea, diabetes, and severe maladaptive behaviors including obsessive, compulsive, and oppositional behaviors.4,5 Speech and language skills are also reported to be often impaired.6 Intellectual disability and deficit in executive functions are well documented in PWS: deficits in inhibition, switching, updating, cognition estimation, planning7–13 Executive functions (EF) are essential to allow a flexible and context-appropriate behavior when facing a new or complex situation.14,15 Planning is conceived as a higher cognitive function that implies the effective inhibition, updating and shifting processes.16
An ecologically valid examination of event-based and time-based prospective memory using immersive virtual reality: The influence of attention, memory, and executive function processes on real-world prospective memory
Published in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2023
Panagiotis Kourtesis, Sarah E. MacPherson
The formulation of an effective plan of action is based on Gollwitzer’s implementation intention, which is an encoding technique for future actions by associating a cue with the intended action (i.e., “if I encounter X then I will do Y”; Gollwitzer, 1999). Planning ability, an executive function, involves thinking about the future, organizing and prioritizing future actions (Miyake et al., 2000; Morris & Ward, 2004). In everyday life, planning defines when and where an action will take place, and updates/prioritises the plan of action based on the received information (e.g., I received a letter notifying me of my overdue electricity bill, so, tomorrow I will need pay it after work; Morris & Ward, 2004). Indeed, effective planning has been found to improve PM functioning (Azzopardi et al., 2017; Gonneaud et al., 2011; Liu & Park, 2004; McDaniel & Scullin, 2010; McFarland & Glisky, 2009; Milne, Orbell, & Sheeran, 2002; Mioni & Stablum, 2014; Vanneste et al., 2016; Zuber et al., 2019). Another executive function which is often found to contribute to PM functioning is task-shifting (Azzopardi et al., 2017; Gonneaud et al., 2011; McFarland & Glisky, 2009; Mioni & Stablum, 2014; Vanneste et al., 2016; Zuber et al., 2019). Task-shifting pertains to the ability to inhibit one’s attention on the current task, and shift it to another task (Miyake et al., 2000).
Cognitive strategy use in adults with acquired brain injury
Published in Brain Injury, 2020
Melissa Therese Nott, Christine Chapparo
Cognitive strategies that form the grounding upon which occupational performance occurs appeared in the lower order of the hierarchy. These included strategies for sensory perceptual input and registration, such as noticing, recognizing, and matching; the critical cognitive strategy related to knowing the task goal; and the ability to maintain attention and persist with task performance until stopping at the appropriate time. These cognitive strategies primarily relate to the Perceive and Perform quadrants of the PRPP System. The information processing loop between these two quadrants is the basis for automatic task performance based on procedural memory, therefore it requires limited application of cognitive strategies from the Recall or Plan quadrants. The location of these cognitive strategies in the lowest portion of the Rasch PRPP hierarchy indicates the formative nature of these skills in creating an occupational performance foundation upon which more complex strategies can be developed or scaffolded. This is also consistent with previously published profiles of cognitive strategy application by adults with ABI (17). The hierarchical ordering of cognitive strategies from simple to complex assists in developing a sequence for planning intervention and supports the need for scaffolding of cognitive strategies (43).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Neural Pathway
- Neuroimaging
- Neuropsychology
- Traumatic Brain Injury
- Working Memory
- Frontal Lobe
- Basal Ganglia
- Executive Functions
- Neurology
- Neurodegenerative Disease