Exploring the types and manifestation of disorders
Jane Hanley, Mark Williams in Fathers and Perinatal Mental Health, 2019
The emotions are governed by the limbic system, which is located in the mid brain. Its primary structures include the amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, and cingulate gyrus. The amygdala is the emotion centre of the brain, whilst the hippocampus plays an essential role in the formation of new memories about past experiences. The hypothalamus is found beneath the thalamus and is responsible for releasing hormones. The thalamus is located above the brain stem, between cerebral cortex and the midbrain and is responsible to relay motor and sensory signals to the cerebral cortex. Basal ganglia are a group of neurons and are strongly connected to other areas within the brain. They fine tune the activity within the brain circuits and process information on voluntary body movement, learning, cognition and emotions. The cingulate gyrus is involved in processing and regulating emotions and behaviour (Morgan 2005, Markowitsch & Staniloiu 2011). Information is processed and transmitted to the pre-frontal cortex which helps in decision making.
Physiology of the nervous system
Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal in Principles of Physiology for the Anaesthetist, 2015
The hippocampus is concerned with learning, memory and behaviour. Stimulation of the hippocampus causes a range of somatovisceral responses associated with emotions and arousal (pupillary dilatation and defence movements of the body). Lesions of the hippocampus lead to anterograde amnesia, and it is thought that the hippocampus is involved in the transformation from short-term to long-term memory. The amygdaloid nuclei are linked with fear and rage behaviour. The posterior orbital gyrus controls autonomic reactions, especially those affecting the cardiovascular, respiratory and gastrointestinal systems. The anterior cingulate gyrus is important for arousal reactions and control of movements. The periamygdaloid and prepyri-form cortical areas are connected to the olfactory organs and are concerned with olfactory sensation.
The Effects of Trauma on Brain and Body
Mark B. Constantian in Childhood Abuse, Body Shame, and Addictive Plastic Surgery, 2018
The hypothalamus forms the core of the mind/body connection, and can engage the autonomic nervous system, immune and endocrine function, as well as learning and memory through hippocampal connections. The cingulate cortex also modulates incoming data and is responsible for cognitive flexibility, adaptation, and interpreting emotions, and mediates stress—evoked cardiovascular activity.18,19 The cingulate gyrus can inhibit the amygdalar response for minor threats. Otherwise, the autonomic nervous system activates, and epinephrine is released by the adrenal cortex, which increases blood glucose, shunts blood from abdominal viscera to skeletal muscle, and increases pulse, blood pressure, and cardiac output. Pupils dilate and muscles become ready to respond.
Microstructural changes in the cingulate gyrus of patients with mild cognitive impairment induced by cerebral small vessel disease
Published in Neurological Research, 2021
Huilin Liu, Dongtao Liu, Kun Li, Xiaofan Xue, Xiangke Ma, Qiao Bu, Jing Ma, Zhenyu Pan, Lichun Zhou
To the best of our knowledge, the cingulate gyrus is an important part of the limbic system that is involved in the regulation of cognitive function. Sambuchi et al. observed gray matter atrophy in regions of the cingulate cortex or other areas of the cerebral hemispheres in the pre-MCI stage using imaging, neurobiology and other methods [5]. The cingulate cortex appears to play a crucial role in the default mode network, the dorsal attention network and the salience network. Previous studies also showed abnormal functional connectivity of the cingulate cortex in patients with MCI [6,7]. These results suggested that changes in the microstructure of the cingulate gyrus may lead to cognitive impairment by altering nerve fiber connections. Therefore, microstructural changes in the cingulate gyrus may play an important role in the development of MCI. However, research on the changes in the microstructure of the cingulate cortex in patients with MCI induced by cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is still lacking.
Differences in neural pathways are related to the short- or long-term benefits of constraint-induced movement therapy in patients with chronic stroke and hemiparesis: a pilot cohort study
Published in Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation, 2018
Takashi Takebayashi, Kohei Marumoto, Kayoko Takahashi, Kazuhisa Domen
We observed that the integrities of the affected CgC and CBF were strongly correlated with CIMT’s short- and long-term benefits, yet neither has been sufficiently defined to enable firm conclusions. The CgC links the medial temporal lobe, retrosplenial cortex, cingulate gyrus, prefrontal lobe, and subgenual area [36,37]. The cingulate gyrus contributes to emotional self-control, focused problem solving, error recognition, adaptations to changing conditions, and control of goal-directed behaviors [38,39]. A previous study reported excitatory changes in the cingulate gyri in patients with chronic stroke shortly after CIMT [18]. CIMT’s short- and long-term benefits may therefore also be specifically related to the CgC components directly connected to the cingulate gyrus. The CBF connects the hippocampus, nucleus accumbens, thalamus, hypothalamus, mammillary bodies, and brainstem [40]. Kwok and Buckley [41] showed that the fornix is related to fast conditional learning in monkeys, and Taub [42] has suggested using conditional learning techniques in CIMT. Our results for the CBF may support Taub’s position.
Associations of dysfunctional attitudes, ruminations and metacognitive beliefs about rumination with pharmacological treatment response in patients with first episode of major depression
Published in International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 2023
İlker Özben, Güliz Şenormancı, Onur Okan Demirci, Ömer Şenormancı
In previous studies, researchers attempted to explain the effects of SSRIs on ruminations in terms of biological basis. While decreased connectivity between the anterior cingulate cortex and frontal gyrus is positively correlated with depression levels, it is negatively correlated with rumination levels (Connolly et al., 2013). Antidepressants or atypical antipsychotics with a similar mechanism to that of antidepressants might reduce ruminations by reversing the deficits in the anterior cingulate cortex (Han et al., 2013; Hou & Lai, 2014; Rittmannsberger, 2019). Adding low-dose atypical antipsychotics to the treatment protocol has reduced ruminations in treatment-resistant cases that did not respond adequately to previous antidepressant treatments. Our study sample consisted of patients with no history of antidepressant use, so this may explain the effectiveness of antidepressants on ruminations.