Exercise as neuroenhancer in children with ADHD
Romain Meeusen, Sabine Schaefer, Phillip Tomporowski, Richard Bailey in Physical Activity and Educational Achievement, 2017
Despite the multidimensional character of ADHD, researchers have made attempts to understand the mechanisms underlying the behavioural symptoms. Investigations of brain structure and function in particular have advanced our understanding of the neurobiological underpinnings of the disorder, so that abnormalities in frontostriatal and frontoparietal networks as well as other regions are considered to be central to ADHD dysfunctions (Cherkasova & Hechtman, 2009). The frontoparietal network is also described as the executive control circuit, which guides goal-directed executive processes and configures information processing in response to variable task demands (Menon, 2011; Vincent, Kahn, Snyder, Raichle, & Buckner, 2008). In several prefrontal brain regions involved in the frontoparietal network children with ADHD showed volume reductions compared to healthy controls (Valera, Faraone, Murray, & Seidman, 2007). This cortical thinning is possibly due to a 2–3-year delay in structural maturation (Shaw et al., 2007). Moreover, children with ADHD show disruptions in uncinate fasciculus (Hamilton et al., 2008), a white-matter fibre tract connecting frontal and temporal lobes.
Neurofeedback in Clinical Practice
Hanno W. Kirk in Restoring the Brain, 2020
Localization theory versus network theory: The most useful training sites developed empirically over the years upon observation of the clinical training effects, as well as on available knowledge of functional neuroanatomy, such as the functional differentiation of Brodman areas. However, we should not go back to the localization theory. Rather, we should keep in mind that billions of neurons are working together in complex networks. This interconnectedness of the brain on the structural level is vividly illustrated with images that can be seen online at www.humanconnectome.org. On a functional level, it is interesting that the key electrode montages that were empirically found in the development of ILF training target nodes in the Default Mode Network and the Salience Network.2 It has been proposed that a number of psychiatric disorders are characterized by significant deviations in the functional connectivity of these control networks, in interaction with the Central Executive Network.3,4 The list includes Autism, ADHD, and PTSD. Interestingly, these are conditions we are treating very well with ILF training.
Neuroanatomy of basic cognitive function
Mark J. Ashley, David A. Hovda in Traumatic Brain Injury, 2017
The dorsal frontoparietal network regions include the dorsolateral PFC, the dorsal cingulate cortex/medial PFC, and dorsal posterior parietal cortex regions. The dorsal network is involved in know versus remember responses. The dorsal network engages in executive control processing, resolution of interference, and response selection.181,224–226
Functional brain segregation changes during demanding mathematical task
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2019
Amir Hossein Ghaderi, Mohammad Ali Nazari, Amir Hossein Darooneh
Mathematical tasks engage many aspects of cognition such as memory, arousal, executive function and creativity. The neural basis of arithmetic problem solving i.e. numerical processing and complex calculation [3], mathematical thinking and solving abstract arithmetic problems [4] has been frequently investigated. Functional joint activity of related area to central executive network (CEN) is involved in mathematical problem solving [4–10]. The CEN involves cortical areas including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) [10]. However, other areas such as the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), visual association cortex (VAC) and superior parietal lobule (SPL) are associated with executive function and are involved in the executive network [11].
The future of neuromodulation: smart neuromodulation
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2021
Dirk De Ridder, Jarek Maciaczyk, Sven Vanneste
The detailed neurophysiological knowledge about the interaction between basal ganglia, including the striatum, the thalamus, cortex and brainstem is beyond the scope of the current manuscript. The principles described in this manuscript, based on network science, can be applied to any network, and are not specific to the motor, cognitive, sensory or emotional networks. The converging concept is that symptoms, whether motor, cognitive, sensory or emotional, are emergent properties from network connectivity (and activity) changes within or between motor, cognitive, sensory, emotional and other networks [24,28]. This is in keeping with the triple network model, which has been developed as a unifying pathophysiological model for psychopathology, including schizophrenia, depression, anxiety, dementia and autism [29]. The triple network model posits that the interaction between three key networks, which are the brain hubs for complex perceptual, emotional and behavior processing as well as introspection, theory of mind and self-awareness is dysfunctional. These three networks are the salience network, encoding behavioral relevance, the central executive network, controlling goal-oriented behavior, and the self-referential default mode network [29]. This permits to draw some general approaches which need to be addressed by the future generation of neuromodulation devices.
Noradrenergic enhancement of object recognition and object location memory in mice
Published in Stress, 2021
Qi Song, Youri G. Bolsius, Giacomo Ronzoni, Marloes J. A. G. Henckens, Benno Roozendaal
Neuroimaging studies in humans, however, have indicated that emotional arousal triggers dynamic shifts in network balance throughout the brain, leading to a large-scale neural network reconfiguration (Murty et al., 2010; Seeley et al., 2007). Moreover, exposure to emotional arousal induces complex temporal dynamics in neural activity. Emotional arousal, in a norepinephrine-dependent fashion, first rapidly increases salience network activity, while simultaneously suppressing central executive network activity (Hermans et al., 2011; Seeley et al., 2007). Later, when the arousing situation subsides, resource allocation to these two networks reverses: the salience network shuts off and the central executive network becomes active, which normalizes emotional reactivity and enhances higher-order cognitive processes (Hermans, Henckens, et al., 2014; Van Leeuwen et al., 2018). Studies have shown that the LC noradrenergic system has the ability to rapidly rearrange neural activity within and between large-scale neural systems to optimize cognitive processes relevant for task performance or adaptive behaviors (Aston-Jones & Cohen, 2005; Bullmore & Sporns, 2009; Van Den Heuvel & Pol, 2010; Zerbi et al., 2019). However, it remains unknown how noradrenergic activation by emotional arousal might achieve both spatial and temporal specificity in regulating large-scale neural network activity. Such effects might depend on brain region- and time-specific effects of norepinephrine on excitatory and inhibitory subpopulations of neurons. Further, it is poorly understood how such changes in network activity by norepinephrine could contribute to enhancement of memory for emotional experiences.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Cingulate Cortex
- Default Mode Network
- Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex
- Inferior Parietal Lobule
- Intraparietal Sulcus
- Middle Frontal Gyrus
- Parietal Lobe
- Salience Network
- Working Memory
- Large-Scale Brain Network