Auditory Processing Disorders Across the Age Span
John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Christopher P Aldren, Doris-Eva Bamiou, Raymond W Clarke, Richard M Irving, Haytham Kubba, Shakeel R Saeed in Paediatrics, The Ear, Skull Base, 2018
Approximately 5% of children and 1–10% of adults who present to audiology departments with complaints of significant listening difficulties in noise or in group conversations have normal pure-tone thresholds.1,2 In a proportion of these patients, their listening symptoms are attributed to functional deficits in sound processing within the extended central auditory nervous system.3 This clinical presentation is categorized as auditory processing disorder (APD, category H93.25 in ICD-10).4 This clinical presentation has attracted considerable debate that is summarized to some extent in several consensus statements from professional audiological organizations.5–9 However, there is no international consensus on what constitutes APD as yet, nor is there explicit agreement on diagnostic criteria for this clinical entity.
Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorder and Auditory Processing Disorder
R James A England, Eamon Shamil, Rajeev Mathew, Manohar Bance, Pavol Surda, Jemy Jose, Omar Hilmi, Adam J Donne in Scott-Brown's Essential Otorhinolaryngology, 2022
Approximately 5% of children and 1–10% of adults who present to audiology departments with complaints of significant listening difficulties in noise or in group conversations have normal pure-tone thresholds. In a proportion of these patients, listening symptoms are attributed to functional deficits in sound processing within the extended central auditory nervous system. This clinical presentation is categorised as an auditory processing disorder (APD). APD is a common type of hearing impairment that remains under recognised, despite its high burden on communication, social, and emotional aspects of life. This clinical presentation has attracted considerable debate. A recent European consensus proposes that APD is diagnosed on the basis of the following criteria3: Normal audiometric thresholds in both earsAbnormal performance in at least two validated auditory processing tests that assess different processes in at least one ear, including in a non-speech testPresence of listening difficulties (Table 16.2) and/or risk factors associated with APDNormal non-verbal intelligenceGood ability to follow test instructions
Auditory Processing Disorder
James R. Tysome, Rahul G. Kanegaonkar in Hearing, 2015
The diagnosis of (central) auditory processing disorder [(C)APD] is made when a patient has difficulty hearing that cannot be accounted for by peripheral hearing loss or other cognitive deficits. Patients with APD typically have difficulty in sound localisation, auditory discrimination (i.e. hearing in background noise), pattern recognition, temporal aspects of audition and auditory performance in competing acoustic signals. This causes functional impairments in listening, learning and spoken language comprehension and development.1
Assessment of the efferent auditory system in children with suspected auditory processing disorder: the Middle ear muscle reflex and contralateral inhibition of OAEs
Published in International Journal of Audiology, 2019
Jennifer L. Smart, Abin Kuruvilla-Mathew, Andrea S. Kelly, Suzanne C. Purdy
Auditory processing disorder (APD) is a condition associated with a disorder in the central auditory nervous system (ASHA 2005). Children with APD are a heterogeneous group, varying in both severity and profile of disorder. Previous studies have shown APD to overlap with other conditions, such as reading (Barker, Kuruvilla-Mathew, and Purdy 2016) and language (Sharma, Purdy, and Kelly 2009) disorders, and cognitive difficulties (DeBonis 2015). The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA 2005) guidelines state that the diagnosis of APD depends on performance difficulties of two standard deviations (or more) below the mean, on two or more tests, within the APD test battery. Although there is no unified test battery across studies, there has been sufficient evidence of auditory processing deficits measured using a variety of behavioural and more recently objective measures, for APD to be recognised as a hearing disorder with significant functional consequences (Jerger and Musiek 2000; Hall and Johnson 2007). Although it is important to take a multidisciplinary approach in the assessment and treatment of APD, the diagnosis of APD should primarily indicate difficulty processing auditory input within the central auditory nervous system (Iliadou, Sirimanna, and Bamiou 2016).
Normative data for diagnosing auditory processing disorder in Norwegian children aged 7–12 years
Published in International Journal of Audiology, 2018
Tone Stokkereit Mattsson, Turid Follestad, Stein Andersson, Ola Lind, Jon Øygarden, Ståle Nordgård
Auditory Processing Disorder (APD) is generally defined as a hearing disorder resulting from impaired neural function in the central auditory nervous system (CANS; ASHA 2005; BSA 2011). While several definitions of APD are available, The British Society of Audiology (2011) defines APD as being characterised by poor perception of both speech and non-speech sounds. They also define three categories of APD: developmental APD presenting in childhood, acquired APD associated with a post-natal event and secondary APD following peripheral hearing impairment (BSA 2011). The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association defines APD as being difficulties in the perceptual processing of auditory information in the central nervous system (CNS) as demonstrated by deficits in sound localisation and discrimination, recognition of auditory patterns, temporal processing or auditory performance in competing acoustic signals or degraded signals (ASHA 2005).
Developing the auditory processing domains questionnaire (APDQ): a differential screening tool for auditory processing disorder
Published in International Journal of Audiology, 2018
Brian O’Hara, Kiri Mealings
Listening skills are critically important for young students as over 60% of elementary classroom time is spent “learning by listening” (Hunsaker 1990). Listening difficulties are not uncommon and relate to both audiological factors (e.g. hearing acuity and auditory processing) and non-audiological factors (e.g. attention control and cognitive-language abilities). Auditory processing disorder (APD) refers to a variety of dysfunctions whereby a person’s processing of auditory information is impaired in the central auditory nervous system, despite them having normal hearing thresholds (American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA), 2005). APD is thought to affect around 7% of children (Bamiou, Musiek, and Luxon 2001), which is comparable to the estimated 7% incidence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorders (ADHD; Willcutt 2012) and the estimated 7% incidence of children with a specific language impairment (Tomblin et al. 1997).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Central Nervous System
- Cocktail Party Effect
- Inner Ear
- Middle Ear
- Outer Ear
- Prevalence
- Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Aphasia
- Neurodevelopmental Disorder
- Emotional & Behavioral Disorders