Psychiatric Illness and Sleep in Children and Adolescents
Mark A. Richardson, Norman R. Friedman in Clinician’s Guide to Pediatric Sleep Disorders, 2016
The term autism spectrum disorder (ASD) refers to a group of developmental disorders of brain function with a broad range of behavioral consequences and severity. The DSM refers to this spectrum as pervasive developmental disorder (6). The main symptoms of ASD are impaired social interaction, deficits in reciprocal, nonverbal, and verbal communication, stereotyped behaviors, and a narrow range of interests (20). Other features include impaired imagination, lack of cognitive flexibility, rigidity, preservation, and often disabling anxiety. Onset occurs during the first years of life with an average prevalence estimate of 1 per 1000 (21). Approximately 75% of individuals with “classic autism,” as defined by the label autistic disorder in the DSM have intellectual deficits. Asperger’s disorder, another form of ASD, by definition does not have intellectual deficits or significant language delays.
Effectiveness of Audio Murottal Interventions for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Teuku Tahlil, Hajjul Kamil, Asniar, Marthoenis in Challenges in Nursing Education and Research, 2020
ASD children have different abilities and characteristics from each other, so it determines how they interact with themselves and the environment and makes ASD children as unique individuals. Someone said to suffer from ASD when experiencing one or more of the characteristics such as difficulty in socially interacting qualitatively, communicating qualitatively, showing repetitive behavior, difficulty in expressing feelings or emotions, talking monotonous and rigid, repetitive movements, hyperactivity in preschool children and abnormal in play. In reality the case of ASD is very important to anticipate because it can only be handled through therapy or intensive treatment (Mangunsong, 2009). According to WHO in 2017, about 1 in 160 children worldwide has ASD. While the Centers of Disease Control (CDC) data for the past 12 years, the prevalence of ASD increased by 289.5%. Based on data reported from 11 communities across the United States in 2018, the prevalence of ASD is 16.8 per 1,000 (1: 59) children aged 8 years, this figure tends to increase compared to the prevalence of ASD in 2014 (1: 68). The cases of ASD in the surveillance period during 2000–2018, increased from 6.7 to 16.8 per 1,000 children aged 8 years (Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, 2018).
Autistic spectrum disorders
Michael Horvat, Ronald V. Croce, Caterina Pesce, Ashley Fallaize in Developmental and Adapted Physical Education, 2019
The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) estimate that 1 per 68 children have some type of ASD (CDC, 2017). Compared to the prevalence of other childhood conditions, this rate is lower than that of intellectual disabilities, but higher than that for cerebral palsy, visual impairment, and hearing loss. Males are four times more likely than females to be diagnosed as having ASD, and cases can be found across all racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic groups. The number of children with ASD has grown significantly over the past decade (somewhere in the range of 10%–17%). The varying symptoms associated with ASD, increased awareness, and diagnostic criteria of the disorder have led many scientists and clinicians to question rising incidence rates. Nonetheless, many experts feel that awareness and revised diagnostic criteria alone do not account for the higher rates seen recently.
Parenting stress in South Korean mothers of adolescent children with autism spectrum disorder
Published in International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 2018
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurological developmental disorder with onset during the developmental period [American Psychiatric Association (APA) 2013]. Individuals with ASD present deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts and have restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviors and interests (APA 2013). It has been more than 70 years since Dr. Leo Kanner’s first description of the disorder (Kanner 1943). However, ASD was not considered as an independent disability category in the Special Education Law for Persons with Disabilities and Others in South Korea until 2008 (Special Education Law for Persons with Disabilities and Others 2008). Before 2008, ASD was considered as one type of the emotional and behavior disorders in the Special Education Law in South Korea (Special Education Improvement Act 1994).The first national data reported by the Korea Ministry of Education showed that there were 4647 children with ASD in South Korea in 2009 or 1 in 2151 (Korea Ministry of Education 2009). The number of children with ASD increased dramatically to 10 045 in 2015 or 1 in 795 (Korea Ministry of Education 2015). The estimated ASD increase rate in South Korea is about 900 per year.
Action performance in children with autism spectrum disorder at preschool age: a pilot study
Published in International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 2020
Misako Sano, Kaori Yamaguchi, Reiko Fukatsu, Minoru Hoshiyama
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopment disorder defined by impairment of social and communication skills as well as restricted behaviors and interest (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Deficits in motor control, including gross and fine movements, were also reported in previous studies (DeMyer et al.1972, Jansiewicz et al.2006). Another observation in children with ASD is impairment of gross and fine motor skills, observed before the age of 36 months and progressing with age (Lloyd et al.2013). Motor functions related to motor skills, which include imitating, gesturing/pantomiming, and praxis, were also observed before the age of 48 months (Vivanti et al.2014, Mastrogiuseppe et al.2015), and such impairments led to generalized dyspraxia with poor complex movement and imitation on verbal command and during tool-use by school age in children with ASD (Bhat et al.2011).
The relationship between sensory integration challenges and the dietary intake and nutritional status of children with Autism Spectrum Disorders in Mumbai, India
Published in International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 2020
Pujitha S. Padmanabhan, Hemal Shroff
The word Autism has originated from the Greek work ‘autos’ that means ‘self’. The term describes a condition where the person is removed from social interaction, i.e. ‘an isolated self’ (Vatanoglu-Lutz et al.2014). As per the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fifth Revision (DSM-V), Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) is now an umbrella term used to collectively refer to a wide and heterogeneous spectrum of neurobiological disorders namely: Autistic disorders, Pervasive Development Disorders-Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS), Asperger’s Syndrome, and Childhood Disintegrative Disorder (American Psychiatric Association 2013). Individuals with ASD are required to present two types of symptoms to meet criteria: Deficits in social communication and interaction, and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests or activities. The current prevalence of ASD in the U.S has been reported to be 1 in 59 children (Baio et al.2018). However, there are no data available from India to provide a country-specific estimate of the prevalence (Rudra et al.2017). People with ASD are at as much risk for health problems as the general population. They may also have specific health care needs that are related to their existing condition of ASD or due to other co-occurring conditions. They may be more vulnerable to developing chronic noncommunicable conditions because of the complex behavioral, physical, and psychosocial difficulties that they experience (Curtin et al.2010).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Intellectual Disability
- Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Epilepsy
- Neurodevelopmental Disorder
- Spectrum Disorder
- NONverbal Autism
- Heritability of Autism
- Epidemiology of Autism
- Psychiatry
- Mental Disorder