The Special Sense Organs and Their Disorders
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss in Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
Nerve deafness, also called perceptive or sensorineural deafness, is caused by to disease of the cochlea or of the cochlear division of the eighth cranial nerve. Conductive deafness results from disease of the middle ear such as otosclerosis, chronic otitis media, or from occlusion (closure) of the external auditory canal or eustachian tube. Otosclerosis (oto + sclerosis, Greek word meaning hardening) is the term for new formation of spongy bone about the stapes, preventing proper vibration of the bones, which prevents transmission of sound waves to the inner ear, resulting in progressively increasing deafness.
Histopathologic Patterns in Hypertensive Nephrosclerosis in African Americans
Meguid El Nahas in Kidney Diseases in the Developing World and Ethnic Minorities, 2005
Within the United States, the vessel wall thickening increase with age in normal African Americans was shown to be even more severe than in the Caucasian population (43). These worse vascular lesions in population-based autopsies coexisted with higher screening clinic blood pressures measured in the African American population compared to the Caucasians in the same New Orleans region. However, even these blood pressure differences, if extrapolated to the autopsied patients in that area, would not completely account for the greater vascular wall thickening in the African American population. These observations point to possible differences in injury set point, rates, and mechanisms of vascular lesions between populations, both in “normal” aging and in response to injury. Of note, in our study of African Americans and Caucasians, we observed an increase of obsolescent, but not solidified glomeruli with increasing age (22). These observations point to different mechanisms leading to the varying phenotypes of sclerosis.
Ultraviolet-A1 and Visible Light Therapy
Henry W. Lim, Herbert Hönigsmann, John L. M. Hawk in Photodermatology, 2007
Patients with localized scleroderma develop one or multiple, circumscribed, ivory-white, indurated plaques, which may be up to 20 cm in diameter and are frequently surrounded by an inflammatory halo known as the lilac ring (30). Although the disease has a self-limited course, sclerosis of skin lesions may cause significant morbidity and discomfort. It is possible that sclerotic skin lesions lead to muscle atrophy and thereby disfiguration of the trunk or face. They may also extend over joints and cause flexion contractures with functional impairment. Numerous modalities including penicillin, penicillamine, anti-malarial drugs, cyclosporin A, interferon-γ, and topical or systemic glucocorticosteroids have been employed; but in general, there is no effective curative or symptomatic therapy for localized scleroderma.
Cannabis for cancer – illusion or the tip of an iceberg: a review of the evidence for the use of Cannabis and synthetic cannabinoids in oncology
Published in Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, 2019
Oral Cannabis formulations – including oils, capsules, edibles or spray – are convenient, generally easy to dose and have a long duration of action of up to 8 h. However, onset is slow (one to 3 h) and absorption may be erratic and dependent on multiple variables. For instance, absorption may be reduced with food or enhanced with lipid or oil solvents [13]. To date, three synthetic CBMs are available for marketing: dronabinol and nabilone are analogs of Δ9-THC and used in treating CINV [3,14]. The third approved CBM, nabiximols oromucosal spray, contains a 1:1 mixture of Δ9-THC and CBD isolated directly from Cannabis sativa, which bypasses gastrointestinal metabolism and thereby is more rapidly absorbed sublingually. Extensively researched, it is approved for treatment of neuropathic pain and symptoms of multiple sclerosis. Additional CBMs include a form of dronabinol containing pure Δ9-THC in a formulation that uses emulsifying drug delivery technology. Cannabidiol is an oral extract formulation of CBD with anticonvulsant properties [15].
For Massachusetts Eye and Ear Special Issue: Updates on Therapies for Multiple Sclerosis for the Ophthalmologist
Published in Seminars in Ophthalmology, 2019
Tatiana Bakaeva, Sashank Prasad
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system. It affects approximately 400,000 people in the United States and 2.1 million people worldwide, with a more prevalent geographic distribution among the northern and southern hemispheres.1 The disease affects mostly young patients from 15 to 45 years and more commonly affects women, at a ratio of about 2 to 1. The manifestations of MS vary based on the location of the lesions and it often presents with ophthalmic manifestations due to inflammatory demyelination of the afferent and efferent visual pathways, and the majority of patients experience at least one episode of ocular involvement in the course of the disease. About 75–85% of the patients with MS have relapsing-remitting form of the disease, which is characterized by temporary flare-ups when the new visual or neurological symptoms occur and persist for a few days or weeks (relapses) followed by resolution of the symptoms (remission). The progressive forms of the disease are rare and characterized by gradual worsening of symptoms over time and accumulation of neurological deficits without distinct relapses or remissions. The progressive forms of MS are subdivided into primary and secondary progressive forms depending on whether there was a relapsing-remitting stage at the disease onset. The approach to treatment of multiple sclerosis differs depending on the form of the disease, its acuity and severity of the symptoms and overall “disease activity.” Most treatments are studied and approved for the relapsing-remitting form of the disease.
Eunos 2022: Birmingham, United Kingdom, 20th – 23rd June 2022
Published in Neuro-Ophthalmology, 2022
Sophie L. P. Mollan, Susan P. Mollan
The next session of the day focused on the delivery of research: 1, how delivery of research has had to change within the COVID-19 era; and 2, The evidence for treatment of LHON. There were similar messages from both topics with insights into the constantly evolving world of medicine, the importance of evidence-based medicine and how treatment must evolve for patient benefit. A symposium on key clinical questions then drew day 3 to a close. Dr Martin Duddy (Newcastle, UK) posed the question: should all people with multiple sclerosis have modern disease modifying treatments? With the varied spectrum of multiple sclerosis, it was clear tailored that management plans are more effective. Dr Valerie Biousse’s lively and enjoyable talk focused on transient monocular vision loss with a focus on retinal ischaemia as a key neuro-ophthalmological emergency. Dr Biousse concluded that effective history, investigation, and communication with peers should allow for a speedy diagnosis and treatment. Dr Saiju Jacob (Birmingham, UK) topic was the use of second-line immunosuppression in those with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Dr Richard Blanch finished the session presenting the evidence of the use of corticosteroids in traumatic optic neuropathy. With audience input the topic was covered with data showing no outcome benefit in the use of steroids in traumatic optic neuropathy. The congress attendees retired to the Birmingham Botanical Gardens for a relaxed Gala supper with music.
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