Role of Nutrition and Diet Therapy in Boosting Immunity
Mehwish Iqbal in Complementary and Alternative Medicinal Approaches for Enhancing Immunity, 2023
Since 1975, obesity has approximately tripled globally. More than 1.9 billion adults aged 18 and over were overweight in 2016. Among these, more than 650 million of that population were obese. Obesity and overweight are described as unhealthy or excessive accumulation of fat that can harm one's health and are associated with more fatalities globally than are caused by being underweight. Noninfectious disorders such as disorders of the cardiovascular system (mostly stroke and cardiac disease), which were the leading death cause in 2012, moreover musculoskeletal problems, diabetes and various malignancies are all linked to a high BMI (including carcinoma of colon, endometrium, prostate, breast, liver, ovaries, kidneys and gallbladder). (Harvard Public Health School; WHO, 2021b ). In accordance with the rising clinical data, increasing incidence of metabolic syndromes, such as dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia and inflammation, have been linked to a diet that is rich in calories and have an abundant quantity of carbohydrates and saturated fat but low quantities of protein (Hou et al., 2019). Obesity and overweight, as well as the disorders associated with them, are mostly preventable. Risk-reduction and prevention initiatives, including dietary guidelines, are critical to alleviating this burden.
Optimal Nutrition for Women
Michelle Tollefson, Nancy Eriksen, Neha Pathak in Improving Women's Health Across the Lifespan, 2021
Energy balance occurs when energy intake is equal to energy expenditure, which is the goal for maintaining body weight. When energy intake exceeds expenditure, a state of positive energy balance occurs followed by an increase in body mass, most of which is usually body fat. On the other hand, when energy expenditure exceeds intake, negative energy balance leads to a loss of body mass, which is also usually body fat.22 While overweight and obesity is generally considered to be a result of either excessive calorie intake or insufficient physical activity, body weight is incredibly complex, so the most effective strategies for achieving and maintaining a healthy body weight often employ many modalities including nutrition, physical activity, mental health, and others.
Maternal obesity
Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero in Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
In nonpregnant adults, BMI is commonly used as a measure of adiposity. The World Health Organization defines BMI as a BMI between 18.5 and 24.9, underweight as overweight as 25 to 29.9, and obesity as >30. For more assessments and risk stratification, it defines class 1 obesity 30 to 34.9, class 2 obesity as 35 to 39.9, and class 3 obesity >40. In obstetrics, it is the practice to use a prepregnancy BMI for risk assessment and to follow GWG. Using a measured prepregnancy BMI is Alternatively, a first-trimester measured BMI or prepregnancy BMI can serve as a proxy. Notably, a self-reported pregravid BMI will underestimate a woman’s BMI category. Table 4 provides formulas for calculation two online references. BMI can be calculated by (i) dividing the individual’s weight in kilograms by height in meters squared or (ii) multiplying their weight in pounds by 703 and dividing this by the height in inches squared. Waist circumference is measured in the horizontal plane at the level of the iliac crest at the end of inspiration.
Obesity and risk of fracture in postmenopausal women: a meta-analysis of cohort studies
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2023
Hong-fei Liu, Dong-fang Meng, Peng Yu, Ji-cao De, Hui-ying Li
Included studies were required to meet the following criteria: (1) cohort studies, whether prospective or retrospective; (2) the exposed group could be patients with any type of obesity, and the control group consisted of patients without obesity. Body mass index (BMI) is the most commonly used measure of overweight and obesity in adults. World Health Organization (WHO) defines ‘overweight’ as having a BMI equal to or greater than 25, and ‘obesity’ as having a BMI equal to or greater than 30. According to the standards formulated by the WHO, patients with BMI ≥ 30 are defined as obesity in this review. (3) the risk of fractures as the outcome that expressed as an adjusted odds ratio (OR), relative risk (RR), or hazard ratio (HR). Because the adjusted RR, OR, HR can reduce the influence of confounders and the observation bias. In addition, the inclusion criteria for postmenopausal women are based on the International Classification of Diseases − 10 and are based on age and participant claims. (4) fractures should be a risk occurring naturally under observation.
Impaired brain equanimity and neurogenesis in the diet-induced overweight mouse: a preventive role by syringic acid treatment
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2023
Amina Khatun, Titli Panchali, Sukhamoy Gorai, Ananya Dutta, Tridip Kumar Das, Kuntal Ghosh, Shrabani Pradhan, Keshab Chandra Mondal, Sudipta Chakrabarti
Obesity and overweight have become major health problems worldwide. This happens due to the accumulation of excess body fat and leads to excessive body weight and body mass index (BMI) [1, 2]. According to the World Health Organization report (2019), obesity has roughly tripled today compared to the 1980s [3, 4]. Various genetic and environmental factors are responsible for the development of obesity and overweight [5–7]. Overweight and/or obesity can lead to many metabolic disorders such as hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and livers with non-alcoholic fat deposits and are a consequence of chronic inflammation and oxidative stress [8–10]. Along with impaired metabolic balance and homeostasis, overweight and obesity can impair central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis, which is an important cause of cognitive impairment and dementia [11–13]. A high-fat diet (HFD) fed to rodents has been reported to induce cognitive deficits [14, 15]. Inflammation and oxidative stress appear to be key factors contributing to blood–brain barrier leakage via reduced tight junction protein expression in the hippocampus among these cognitive dysfunctions [16–18]. In addition, other studies have found that HFD damages neurogenesis and brain plasticity [11]. Although obesity has been associated with CNS disorders, the mechanisms remain unclear. However, preventive and therapeutic approaches should be attempted to improve brain homeostasis and combat neurological degeneration due to obesity.
Obesity in women’s life: role of GLP-1 agonists
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2022
Santiago Palacios
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), overweight and obesity are defined as the abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that presents a risk to health, quality of life and life expectancy [1]. They are normally diagnosed through body mass index (BMI). A BMI above 25 kg/m2 is defined as overweight and a BMI above 30 kg/m2 is defined as obesity. Although BMI is universally accepted as the easiest tool to diagnose these conditions, it has some limitations. A significant one is its impossibility to provide information regarding body composition and cardiometabolic risk. For this reason, the Spanish Association for the Study of Menopause (AEEM) recently recommended in their Menoguía (Consensus on Menopause and Obesity) the use of waist circumference as an indirect tool to assess cardiometabolic risk and visceral fat [2].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Obesity
- Immune System
- Lipid
- Adipose Tissue
- Dietary Energy Supply
- Sedentary Lifestyle
- Fat
- Hormone
- Reproductive System
- Body Shape