Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Considerations
Firza Alexander Gronthoud in Practical Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2020
The MIC is a PD predictor of antimicrobial efficacy. It is important to realize that: The observed MIC is dependent on the bacterial inoculum used and the incubation time.In vivo, the antibiotic concentration may also fluctuate and decrease over time at the site of infection.MIC is measured in broth and not in the range of physiological environments found in the human body. Bacterial growth conditions in the ‘test tube’ differ from those in vivo.Because MIC results are not 100% accurate, antibiotic concentration in the human body changes over time and may show interhuman variability despite administration of the same dose, and bacteria may show different growth characteristics in vivo; in vitro susceptibility may not always accurately predict in vivo response.
Can rose apple leaf be developed for antileucorrhoea and antidandruff?
Ade Gafar Abdullah, Isma Widiaty, Cep Ubad Abdullah in Medical Technology and Environmental Health, 2020
Simplicia was made by drying without direct sunlight (Purnomo & Indarti 2017). Extract was made by maceration (Potluri et al. 2013). Antifungal activity tests were carried out on Candida albicans and Pityrosporum ovale in vitro. All stages were carried out with aseptic techniques. The activity test was carried out using the agar diffusion method in order to use well techniques using a series of test concentrations (in % w/v) Antifungal activity was stated by MIC. Determination of MIC was carried out by the agar dilution method. The concentration of the test on the determination of the MIC was based on the results of the activity test (Sharma et al. 2011, Kandimalla et al. 2016). Fluconazol was used as a comparison. Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) was used as a control.
Complications of Antibiotic Therapy
Stephen M. Cohn, Matthew O. Dolich in Complications in Surgery and Trauma, 2014
One of the most difficult problems in dealing with infectious diseases is microbial resistance to antimicrobial agents. Qualitative antibiotic susceptibility profile and the quantitative minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of clinically indicated antibiotics can guide the selection of the appropriate antibiotic. The MIC is the concentration of the antibiotic that inhibits the growth of a standardized concentration of bacteria. Armed with a qualitative result of “sensitive,” the clinician can further refine the choice of antibiotic with the quantitative MIC and the knowledge from the package insert of the expected serum concentration. All other things being equal, the antibiotic that will achieve the highest ratio of serum concentration to MIC will be the least likely to fail and the least likely to become resistant. Acquired resistance arises from the microbe’s acquisition of genetic material or its mutation. This occurs when the organism is exposed to the antibiotic. Excessive or unnecessary use of antibiotics increases the organism’s exposure to the antibiotic and the likelihood of the development of resistance.7
In vitro and in vivo activity of meropenem+avibactam against MBL-producing carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2023
Xiuyun Li, Zhaowen Chen, Jin Jiao, Shifu Wang, Yuehua Wang, Weiwei Wu, Huijun Yang, Hongxiang Lou
Cation-adjusted Mueller–Hinton broth (CAMHB, Haibo Biotech Co., Ltd. Qingdao, China) was used for susceptibility testing under the directions of Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute M100-S30 (CLSI M100-S30) [20]. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is defined as the lowest concentration of an antibiotic that will inhibit the visible growth of a microorganism after incubation [21]. The combination of drugs was determined for synergy by microdilution checkerboard as described previously [22]. Briefly, serial 2-fold dilutions of each drug (antibiotic or β-lactamase inhibitor) were distributed into a 96-well microtiter plate, and the MIC of each drug was determined in a checkerboard conformation. Each strain at approximately 106 cells/mL was performed in duplicate to determine the results. All 96-well microtiter plates were incubated at 35°C and MICs were determined after 18 h incubation according to CLSI M100-S30. If two measurements of a same MIC are inconsistent, the MIC will be tested again. The effect of the drug combination was defined by the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) formula: FICI = [MICdrug1 (in combination)/MICdrug1 (alone)] + [MICdrug2 (in combination)/MICdrug2 (alone)]. The explanation is as follows: FICI ≤0.5 hints synergy, FICI >0.5–1 hints additivity, FICI >1–4 hints indifference, and FICI >4 hints antagonism [23].
Investigation on photo-induced mechanistic activity of GO/TiO2 hybrid nanocomposite against wound pathogens
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2020
Jayabal Prakash, Kannan Sampath Kumar Venkataprasanna, Darmalingam Prema, Sheik Mohideen Sahabudeen, Samal Debashree Banita, Gopinath Devanand Venkatasubbu
The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is defined as the lowest concentration of the sample to inhibit bacterial growth. The MIC value for the samples are given in Table 1. Figure 8(a) shows the serial dilution of the sample with 105 CFU/ml bacterial cells. Figure 8(b,c) shows the colony formed after 24 hours of incubation for GO/TiO2 nanocomposites in the presence and absence of light. 14 µg/ml, 16 µg/ml, 17.5 µg/ml and 18 µg/ml of GO/TiO2 nanocomposites shows no colony formation in Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Gram-positive (Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus) in the absence of light. In the presence of light, the MIC values are reduced by nearly 3 µg/ml in all bacterium. The MIC values for other nanocomposites has been found in the same way and the values are given in the table.
Cationic Chitosan/Pectin Polyelectrolyte Nanocapsules of Moxifloxacin as Novel Topical Management System for Bacterial Keratitis
Published in Current Eye Research, 2022
Parasuraman Mohan, Vinod D. Rangari, Karthikeyan Kesavan
The MIC is defined as the minimum concentration of antimicrobial agents required to inhibit the complete growth of microorganisms. The MIC of MOX and MOX-loaded CPNCs were evaluated against the gram-positive strain of Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 96) with the principle of macro broth dilution technique.17 The 5 mg/mL concentration of MOX was used to prepare the standard and test stock solutions with the help of an acetate buffer solution (pH of 5.0). Seventeen sterile microbial tubes were placed in a stand and marked as 1–17. From the MOX standard stock solution, a different concentration of 250–0.0152 μg/mL was prepared by the serial dilution method with Luria broth (LB) broth solution marked as 1st–15th. In that order, the 16th and 17th microbial tubes were indicated as positive and negative controls, respectively. The frozen stock culture of S. aureus (MTCC 96) was subcultured and transferred into 10 μL (1 × 106 CFU/mL) to all microbial tubes except the negative control, and all the prepared microbial tubes were placed in an incubator for 24 h at 37 °C to inspect the growth of microbes. The MIC result was noted as the clear microbial tubes containing the absence of microbial growth.
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