Principles of Ria Data Management
Fuad S. Ashkar, Lelio G. Colombetti in Radiobioassays, 2019
Heterogeneity implies that more than one species of antigen or that more than one species of binding site is present. Antibody heterogeneity has been recognized for many years22 and is the generally accepted explanation for nonlinearity of Scatchard plots. Although the term heterogeneity has been applied to the ligand,23 the heterogeneity of which has been suggested as the cause of certain nonlinear Scatchard plots,24 the term has usually been used to denote that more than one species of binding site is present. In this regard, various interpretations of “heterogeneity” are possible. Inasmuch as the interpretation given to heterogeneity determines the model for the RIA system and hence determines the mathematical form of the algorithms used for data management, it is important to examine the current concepts with regard to antibody heterogeneity.
Macrophage Heterogeneity
Gloria H. Heppner, Amy M. Fulton in Macrophages and Cancer, 2019
In brief, heterogeneity is a collective term for a variety of complex biological phenomena, some of which are readily understandable and some of which are obscure. Multidirectional experimental approaches will be necessary to uncover the mechanisms underlying or regulating the different expressions of functional diversity. The literature concerning MP heterogeneity is filled with so much controversy that we can identify only two issues on which consensus exists. (1) MPs are indeed heterogeneous, both among and within various anatomic compartments. This point is addressed in Section III and Tables 1 and 2. (2) There exists a pluripotent stem cell (colony forming units, CFU-s) from which the heterogeneous MPs are derived.126,127 All other events between the beginning of MP development and the appearance of the final heterogeneous population(s) are topics of debate.
Development of palliative medicine in the United Kingdom and Ireland
Eduardo Bruera, Irene Higginson, Charles F von Gunten, Tatsuya Morita in Textbook of Palliative Medicine and Supportive Care, 2015
Individual differences in the meaning and interpretation of QOL appraisals. Whereas response shift pertains to a change in the meaning of QOL within individuals over time, differences in the meaning of QOL can also be present between individuals or groups. Such sources of population heterogeneity may be the result of cultural, developmental, gender or personality differences, or because of differences in health and illness experiences or life circumstances. People from different cultural backgrounds and with different life experiences may not interpret the questions that we use to assess QOL in the same way. If ignored, these differences could distort the comparison of QOL scores between individuals or different groups of people. A variety of approaches have been used to identify and accommodate these sources of heterogeneity in patient-reported outcomes and QOL assessment in non-palliative contexts of care [17,18]. Although significant advances have been made, we need to better understand the various factors that influence how people, particularly in contexts of palliative care, interpret and respond to questions about their QOL so as to be able to accurately interpret observed differences in QOL assessments between individuals and groups with different backgrounds and life experiences. When assessing QOL in palliative care contexts, it is important to recognize that different people may not ascribe the same meaning and interpretation to the questions used in QOL assessment instruments.
A Review of Capture-recapture Methods and Its Possibilities in Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences
Published in Ophthalmic Epidemiology, 2020
Pedro Lima Ramos, Inês Sousa, Rui Santana, William H Morgan, Keith Gordon, Julie Crewe, Amândio Rocha-Sousa, Antonio Filipe Macedo
In short, local dependence between lists means that probability of capture of a subject i in a list j depends on his past capture history. Heterogeneity means that the capture probability of a subject i in a list j depends on some specific attributes of the subject such as age, sex or income. These two concepts are linked to the concept of (equal) catchability. Equal catchability means that all individuals are equally likely to be chosen in each capture.40 If local list independence fails, then the probability of capture in any list depends on the individual’s prior history of capture and, therefore, the equal catchability assumption is violated. When homogeneity fails the probability of capture in any list is related with attributes of individuals and varies across the population, which makes the equal catchability assumption to be violated. If the assumption of equal catchability holds, then the two types of independence are verified.
Self–regulatory learning theory as a lens on how undergraduate and postgraduate learners respond to feedback: A BEME scoping review: BEME Guide No. 66
Published in Medical Teacher, 2022
Muirne Spooner, Catherine Duane, Jane Uygur, Erica Smyth, Brian Marron, Paul J. Murphy, Teresa Pawlikowska
In this review, we identified 232 studies that focus on how the learner responds to feedback and then uses it for their future learning. From the perspective of self-regulation, responses to feedback can be recognised as cognitive, behavioural, emotional, and contextual. Within these categories, feedback leads to responses that support or impair learning. In this discussion section, we will first focus on the issue of definition heterogeneity. We will then discuss theoretical considerations of learner response to and use of feedback, via the lens of self-regulation. We next outline practical implications for educators wishing to optimise feedback as a tool in potentiating future learning. We conclude with gaps identified in the literature and suggestions for future research directions.
Prevalence of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-1 infection among blood donors in mainland China: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the last 20 years
Published in Expert Review of Hematology, 2019
Xue Chen, Fang Liu, Xuemei Fu, Yi Feng, Dingding Zhang, Humin Liu, Guangxiang Xi, Jinliang Hu
The seroepidemiology study about the prevalence of HTLV-1 infection among blood donors in mainland China is a time-consuming, costly and low-efficiency process. It is, therefore, the conducted study was based on using systematic review and meta-analysis focus on literatures to obtain and understand the current status and situation of virus infection in blood donors. However, the limitation of this study was the lack of data regarding individual characteristics of blood donors. The variant demographic characteristics (age, gender, educational level, occupation, health status, and health behavior) of the studied population might be the reason that caused heterogeneity. It is recommended to investigate original studies on those characteristics especially in individual level and to investigate its impact on infection rates in the future.