Probability and randomness
R. Paul Thompson, Ross E.G. Upshur in Philosophy of Medicine, 2017
In the 1850s, Bernhard Riemann proved that a consistent geometry could be formulated that assumes that no new line parallel to a given line can be drawn. This is again a non-Euclidean geometry. Both of these non-Euclidean geometries can be given an interpretation in terms of a physical model. Euclidean geometry is the geometry of the surface of a two-dimensional plane (a flat sheet of paper is an example), which can be extended to three dimensions (two intersecting planes). The Lobachevski and Bolyai non-Euclidean geometry is the geometry of the surface of a hyperbola. Riemann’s non-Euclidean geometry is the geometry of the surface of a sphere. On the surface of a sphere every line crosses every other line. Remember, a line (mathematically) is the shortest distance between two points. None of the lines of latitude on a globe of the earth, except the equator, is a line in this sense; all the lines of longitude are and they all meet at the north and south poles.
An Occupational Therapy Experience in Ecuador
Susan Cook Merrill in Occupational Therapy Across Cultural Boundaries, 2012
Ecuador is a small mountainous country that straddles the equator in South America. Quito, where we spent most of our time, is a sprawling city situated between mountains (actually an extinct volcano crater) about 9000 feet above sea level. Its population is currently about a million people and includes a large percentage of indigenous people, who are descended from the Incas. In recent years, the city has mushroomed with poor people from the rural parts of the country who have come looking for jobs and a better standard of living. There are not enough jobs and living is difficult. The life expectancy is 60 years and the literacy rate is 74%. The per capita income is $1,050 and one half of Ecuador’s population is made up of subsistence farmers (National Geographic Society, 1981).
The Impact of Technology on Mental Health
Bahman Zohuri, Patrick J. McDaniel in Electrical Brain Stimulation for the Treatment of Neurological Disorders, 2019
These are also known as affective disorders or depressive disorders. Patients with these conditions have significant changes in mood, generally involving either mania (elation) or depression. Examples of mood disorders include: Major Depression – the individual is no longer interested in and does not enjoy activities and events that they previously liked. There are extreme or prolonged periods of sadness.Bipolar Disorder – previously known as manic-depressive illness, or manic depression. The individual switches from episodes of euphoria (mania) to depression (despair).Persistent Depressive Disorder – previously known as dysthymia, this is mild chronic (long term) depression. The patient has similar symptoms to major depression but to a lesser extent.Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) – a type of major depression that is triggered by a lack of daylight. It is most common in countries far from the equator during late autumn, winter, and early spring.
Visualisation of peripheral retinal degenerations and anomalies with ocular imaging
Published in Seminars in Ophthalmology, 2022
Rene Cheung, Angelica Ly, Paula Katalinic, Minas Theodore Coroneo, Andrew Chang, Michael Kalloniatis, Michele C. Madigan, Lisa Nivison-Smith
The retinal periphery has been defined as the area from the ora serrata to the equator. It has also been defined geometrically or using retinal landmarks such as vortex veins (Figure 1). The geometric equator of the globe has been described as a ‘vertically orientated circle around the eye, perpendicular to the geometric axis.’12 The equatorial zone is frequently defined as the circumferential area extending 2.5 mm posterior and anterior to the geometric equator.13,14 Clinically, artificial boundaries delimited by the retinal vascular arcades and vortex veins have been used to define the central retina, mid-periphery and far peripheral retina, respectively.15 Self-devised16 and adapted grading grids17,18 have also been utilised to define peripheral retinal zones.
A latitudinal cline in a courtship song character of Drosophila melanogaster
Published in Journal of Neurogenetics, 2021
Rosamund A. Stanley, Charalambos P. Kyriacou
We finally considered the relationship among IPI, thorax length, latitude and altitude using all our data from three continents using Spearman’s ρ. Table 3 reveals the various combinations of variables calculated using the population means. Latitude was calculated as a deviation from the Equator regardless of whether this was northern or southern hemisphere. A strongly significant positive ρ was observed between latitude and IPI (p = 0.003). There was also a significant positive correlation between latitude and thorax (p = 0.025) and the altitude-thorax correlation just missed significant (p = 0.06). If we use the individual data rather than the means for each location the same pattern reoccurred with a highly significant correlation between latitude and IPI (p = 5 × 10−7), latitude and thorax length (p = 0.002) and an inverse relationship between altitude and IPI (p = 0.001), but not altitude and thorax (p = 0.17).
“What a man can do, a woman can do better”: women farmers, livelihood and drug abuse in Adamawa State, northeastern Nigeria
Published in Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 2023
Saheed B. Owonikoko, Jamila B. A. Suleiman, Wusa Kondani Maibaka, Nafisa Tasiu
Adamawa State is one of the states of the northeastern region of Nigeria. It was carved out of the old Gongola State in 1991. It is currently one of the largest states in Nigeria with the landmass of about 36,972.3 km2. It lies between latitude 7 0 15’ and 10 0 58’ N of the equator and between longtitude 11 0 09’ and 13 0 47’ E of the Greenwich meridian (Adebayo, 2020). It is bordered to the northwest by Borno State, Gombe State to the west, Taraba State to the southwest and Republic of Cameroon to the east. The last known population of the state was 3.2 million in 2006 population census. If the annual population growth rate of the state is same as that of 2006–2016 (+2.94%/year), the population of the state in 2020 may stand at about 4.7 million.
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