Parasites and Conservation Biology
Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin in Parasitology, 2023
A more recent example of an introduced host encountering resistance from indigenous parasites involves an invasive planthopper called the spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula, in eastern North America. This planthopper originates from Asia and feeds on many plant types and where introduced has proven especially damaging to apple and grape crops. Two native and unrelated species of entomopathogenic fungi, Batkoa major and Beauveria bassiana together have caused localized collapses of the spotted lanternfly. It remains to be seen if the introduced pest species can be wiped out by the fungal one-two co-epizootic punch, will rebound or will exist in boom–bust cycles influenced by fungal infections. By amplifying the amount of insect-attacking fungi in the environment, if the fungi were to begin to more strongly affect native insects, the lanternfly’s introduction would comprise an example of a spillback effect.
Environmental Factors Impacting Bioactive Metabolite Accumulation in Brazilian Medicinal Plants
Luzia Valentina Modolo, Mary Ann Foglio in Brazilian Medicinal Plants, 2019
The phloroglucinol derivative uliginosin B is found in the herbaceous plant H. polyanthemum native to South Brazil. This molecule is a promising antidepressant, which activates the monoaminergic neurotransmitter system (Nunes et al., 2014; Stein et al., 2012). Furthermore, H. polyanthemum accumulates benzopyrans, chlorogenic acid and flavonoids (Nunes et al., 2010). A weekly application of 2 mM SA increased the amount of uliginosin B and total phenolic compounds in acclimatized H. polyanthenum plants after 18 weeks (Nunes et al., 2014). Mechanical damage, 10 mM SA and the combination of both treatments were able to induce higher levels of uliginosin B in leaves after 1 or 2 days. The entomopathogenic fungus Nomuraea rileyi induced production of three benzopyrans and total phenolic compounds in H. polyanthemum plantlets (Meirelles et al., 2013). The former compounds have been studied for their antinociceptive and antitumoral activities (Ferraz et al., 2005; Haas et al., 2010). After 48 and 72 h of exposure of acclimatized plants to a dried autoclaved cell powder of N. rileyi, increased levels of the three benzopyrans were observed in vegetative parts. In addition, a twofold increase in total phenolic compounds was promoted after 24 h of fungal exposure (Meirelles et al., 2013).
Hypersensitivity and Allergic Fungal Manifestations: Diagnostic Approaches
Johan A. Maertens, Kieren A. Marr in Diagnosis of Fungal Infections, 2007
Entomopathogenic fungi such as B. bassiana are considered promising biological control agents for a variety of arthropod pests. Beauveria species, however, have the potential to elicit allergenic reactions in humans, and recently four putative allergens were identified to be Bb-Enol, with similarity to fungal enolases: Bb-f2, similar to the A. fumigatus major allergen, Asp f 2, and to a fibrinogen binding mannoprotein; Bb-Ald, similar to ALDHs; and Bb-Hex, similar to Af-acetyl-hexosaminadases (79).
Comparison of chemical profiles, antioxidation, inhibition of skin extracellular matrix degradation, and anti-tyrosinase activity between mycelium and fruiting body of Cordyceps militaris and Isaria tenuipes
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Adchara Prommaban, Suwannee Sriyab, Pachabadee Marsup, Waranya Neimkhum, Jakkapan Sirithunyalug, Songyot Anuchapreeda, Chaiwat To-anun, Wantida Chaiyana
Entomopathogenic fungi, a type of fungal pathogen that infects a wide range of insect species, are divided into five categories: Chytridiomycota (Chytrids), the Zygomycota (conjugated fungi), the Ascomycota (sac fungi), the Basidiomycota (club fungi), and the recently described phylum Glomeromycota (Litwin et al. 2020). Among Cordycipitaceae, Cordyceps militaris (L.) Fr. Link (Dong-Chung-Ha-Cho) and Isaria tenuipes Peck (Snowflake Dong-Chung-Ha-Cho) are the authentic fungal supplies for food ingredients, herbal products, and dietary supplements in various Asian countries (Moon et al. 2018). C. militaris has been reported to grow in many geographic locations and can be artificially cultivated in the laboratory (Nxumalo et al. 2020). C. militaris is one of the well-known Cordyceps that have been used in traditional Chinese medicine for over a century as health-promoting supplements (Ng and Wang 2005). C. militaris has been shown to have a variety of biological functions, including antioxidant, immunomodulatory, hypolipidemic, and antitumor properties (Ng and Wang 2005; Marsup et al. 2020).
Synergistic effect of entomopathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum extract in combination with temephos against three major mosquito vectors
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2018
Perumal Vivekanandhan, Sengodan Karthi, Muthugounder S. Shivakumar, Giovanni Benelli
Entomopathogenic fungi are among the most important species considered as potential biological control agents [16]. As significant number of them are preferred as they exhibit selective toxicity, do not persist, and do not need to be ingested [17]. There are several entomopathogenic fungi which have been tested for mosquito larval control. Metarhizium anisopliae has excellent toxic activity against Ae. aegypti [18], its secondary metabolites shows larvicidal and adulticidal activity against An. stephensi [19]. Fusarium oxysporum is a pathogenic soil-borne fungus distributed worldwide. Agricultural pests are naturally infected by F. oxysporum [20]. F. oxysporum strains can infect and kill a large range of hosts with agricultural and medically importance [21]. Synergism is the joint action where one component of the mixture has the effect of increasing the potency of the other component of the mixture, such that their combined effect is greater than the sum of their individual effects, as recently elucidated for binary mixtures of green biopesticides [22,23]. Besides, some insecticides have the capacity to increase stress and affect insect behavior, which may lead to improved performances of entomopathogens [24].
Integrating inert dusts with other technologies in stored products protection
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Masumeh Ziaee, Asgar Ebadollahi, Waqas Wakil
The insecticidal potential of entomopathogenic fungi is influenced by abiotic factors, for instance, temperature and humidity. The efficacy of B. bassiana was significantly decreased at 30 °C compared to 25 °C which is the optimum temperature of this species (Wakil et al. 2011), while the performance of entomopathogenic fungi increased at very high humidity (Wakil et al.2012). However, the effectiveness of IDIs decreased as the relative humidity and storage period increased. Apart from environmental conditions, the origin of the isolate could also influence the insecticidal effectiveness of fungi species (Riasat et al. 2011).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Beauveria Bassiana
- Enzymatic Hydrolysis
- Monophyly
- Mycotoxin
- Protoplast
- Spore
- Circulatory System
- Arthropod Cuticle
- Teleomorph, Anamorph & Holomorph
- Biopesticide