Electrodiagnosis
Mark V. Boswell, B. Eliot Cole in Weiner's Pain Management, 2005
Myotonic discharges are sometimes found in myotonic disorders, but are not exclusive to those disorders, e.g., painful conditions such as myotonia congenita (Sunohara et al., 1996); proximal myotonic myopathy, also called PROMM (Kress et al., 2000); and myotonic dystrophy. The pain experienced as a result of these disorders is mostly due to cramp generation, with cramp discharges a separate issue. Although the CRD is rhythmic, the myotonic discharge waxes and wanes in both amplitude and frequency, generating the characteristic “dive bomber” sound with needle insertion (Bromberg, 1993). Spontaneous activity notwithstanding, myotonic activity obtained during insertion tends to be morphologically sharp. True myotonic discharges last for more than 0.5 s (Daube, 1996).
Applied exercise physiology and health
Nick Draper, Helen Marshall in Exercise Physiology, 2014
Muscular cramps, painful abnormal muscular contractions of a single muscle group, are not fully understood by researchers. The original theory as to the cause of muscular cramps was based around fluid and electrolyte imbalances within the body associated with exercise in the heat for a long duration. The incidence of muscular cramps during periods of rest and when fluid and electrolyte levels were balanced, has led to further research in the area. For adventure sports performers where the legs are either highly active during the activity (walking, climbing, etc.) or held stationary for long periods (kayaking and canoeing) the muscle groups in the upper and lower leg are particularly prone to muscular cramps. Muscular cramps are thought to be triggered by an irritation to a muscle group. The irritation results in the hyperexcitability of the motor neuron(s) innervating that motor unit bringing about an uncontrolled muscular contraction (cramp). Several factors may be involved in the initiation of cramp including muscle over-use associated with fatigue, fluid imbalances, electrolyte imbalances (particularly potassium), holding a position for too long (such as sitting in a kayak or kneeling in a canoe) and, associated with that, a lack of blood flow to the muscle group. The immediate treatment for muscular cramp is to stretch the muscle and, if appropriate, the replacement of fluids and electrolytes. The most successful preventative measures in the incidence of cramp appear to be regular stretching of the commonly affected muscle groups, which could be implemented within cool-downs, and the maintenance of electrolyte levels, particularly potassium.
Work-related stress
Janet Thomas in Understanding and Supporting Professional Carers, 2021
Adrenalin causes an increase in heart rate and a rise in blood pressure. The blood supply to skeletal muscle increases, but the supply to the digestive system is reduced. These changes prepare the body for action, and are perceived as a racing pulse, anxiety, and sometimes chest discomfort. Changes in the digestive system may give a sensation of nausea or abdominal cramp, which is sometimes described as gut-wrenching. Alterations in blood flow result in heavy breathing and sweating. If the fight or flight response is frustrated, a state of suspense occurs until the physiological changes subside.
Toward a Model of Porn Literacy: Core Concepts, Rationales, and Approaches
Published in The Journal of Sex Research, 2020
Kate Dawson, Saoirse Nic Gabhainn, Pádraig MacNeela
Many participants discussed how pornography depicted an unrealistic representation of real-life sex by making sex look easy. Participants reported that it was important to inform young people about realistic sexual expectations, including the awkward, funny, and disappointing moments that people are likely to experience in their sexual lives: “Something as simple as putting on a condom … there can be a bit of fumbling in the real world, and like in porn the guy mightn’t be wearing a condom” (heterosexual woman, age 22). Online interventions using video campaigns that incorporate the use of humor were recommended to help youth to establish realistic expectations for sex: A campaign with a Web site which is tailored towards young people… . Even one-minute videos, like, “hashtag real porn.” And if it’s somebody getting a leg cramp in the middle of something, this is the reality of what it’s like… . If you did it in a funny way, make it more accessible, and people would actually watch it. (Heterosexual woman, age 25)
Prevalence of hormonal contraceptive use and reported side effects of the menstrual cycle and hormonal contraceptive use in powerlifting and rugby
Published in The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 2023
David Nolan, Kirsty J. Elliott-Sale, Brendan Egan
A large proportion (83.5%) of non-HC users experienced negative side-effects of the menstrual cycle with the most cited symptoms being cramping, headache/migraine and fatigue. Athlete type (powerlifter vs. rugby player) had an influence on the reported symptoms, with rugby players reporting higher incidence of ‘unspecified cramp’ (53.2% vs. 33.8%), and powerlifters reporting higher incidence of ‘abdominal cramp’ 18.2% vs. 6.5%). Presently, we attribute this finding as an artifact of the terminology of the questionnaire coupled with the content analysis employed. When an athlete reported cramp as a symptom, but did not directly state it as an abdominal cramp, it was categorized as ‘unspecified cramp.’ When the respective data for ‘unspecified cramp’ and ‘abdominal cramp’ are combined for each sport, there is no difference between sports. The prevalence of reported negative side-effects of the menstrual cycle in non-HC users are similar to those previously reported (74 to 93%) [5,6,8,33], indicating that the focus on strength training, with or without the presence of collision events, in these sports does not have a unique influence on symptom prevalence for the menstrual cycle.
Three patients with probable aerotoxic syndrome
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2020
G. Hageman, T. M. Pal, J. Nihom, S. J. MackenzieRoss, M. van den Berg
Neuropsychological investigation of aircrew following exposure to contaminated air demonstrated lower scores on tests of working memory, processing speed, reaction time and mental flexibility, not attributable to mood disorder or malingering [5]. In our case series, only one patient showed signs of cognitive impairment. Cholinergic symptoms in our cases may be gastro-intestinal complaints (A, B and C), palpitations (C), muscle pain and cramp (B and C) and tremor (B). However, various delayed neurological conditions have been reported following OP exposure, after the cholinergic symptoms have resolved, including cognitive impairment and increased neuropsychiatric morbidity [6] and several other noncholinergic mechanisms of OP toxicity have been proposed to account for these such as oxidative stress, impaired axonal transport, neuroinflammation, release of the neurotransmitter L-glutamate, and altered levels of dopamine and serotonin [7].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Dystonia
- Muscle Contraction
- Muscle Contracture
- Paralysis
- Pathology
- Pain
- Pregnancy
- Exercise-Associated Muscle Cramps
- Idiopathic Disease
- Spasm