Application of Synchrotron Radiation Technology in Marine Biochemistry and Food Science Studies
Se-Kwon Kim in Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Synchrotrons are particle accelerators in which charged particles circulate along a closed path. A charged particle, an electron, in the magnetic field, is accelerated to the speed of light. Because SR is extremely bright compared to conventional X-ray generators and microscopes, it is gentle to soft materials, has a variable wavelength (energy), and a high directivity, similar to a laser. SR-based X-ray contrast resolution is known to be >1000 times higher than the density resolution of X-ray absorption. SR can measure in nanosecond order with a pulse duration of 50–100 picoseconds (Nakano 2019; Pérez and De Sanctis 2017; Rao et al. 2013). Therefore, in particular, SR-based imaging is recently attracting many scientists studying on medical and biological applications. At present, a next-generation SR light source facility, which will provide the first synchrotron beam in 2023, is under construction at the Aobayama campus of Tohoku University in Sendai, Japan (Figure 2.5; PhoSIC 2019).
Use of radiochromic film with synchrotron radiation
Indra J. Das in Radiochromic Film, 2017
For radiation therapy, several approaches have been taken to use the special features of synchrotron radiation. One can maximize the local energy deposition by the tuning the X-rays to deliver radiation just above the k-edge of the absorption spectrum for a high-Z element or compound (e.g., iodine). This approach has been used by using iodinated contrast solution as well as gold nanoparticles [12,13]. A French team led by the Grenoble University Hospital (CHU) in partnership with the University of Grenoble and the ESRF are in the middle of a Phase 1 clinical trial of stereotactic synchrotron radiation therapy (SSRT) for metastatic brain tumors [14]. To date, a total of twelve cancer patients have received a single 5-Gy fraction of SSRT to their tumors. For the SSRT technique, a monochromatic and uniform X-ray beam (80 keV) is used for the irradiation, and patients also receive iodine contrast to assist with localized dose enhancement around the tumor as has been described by many investigators for a variety of conventional sources [15,16,17]. Given the more tightly controlled X-ray energy with large dose rates, this should be a very promising technique [13,18,19]. The patients at the ESRF receive conventional radiotherapy fractions in the local CHU clinic as well. There are strict inclusion criteria for the patients on the trial. The first publications that specifically describe the trial are expected by 2017.
Proton Accelerators
Harald Paganetti in Proton Therapy Physics, 2018
Proton therapy has been developed and was performed initially in nuclear physics laboratories that were equipped with a particle accelerator, such as a (synchro)cyclotron or a synchrotron, like in Berkeley (CA, USA) [1,2], Cambridge (MA, USA) [3], Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI; Switzerland) [4–6], and Uppsala (Sweden) [7,26]. The first hospital-based facility with gantries was built in Loma Linda (CA, USA) [8] in the 1990s. Around that time, also commercial companies started to develop accelerators and offered complete treatment facilities, including gantries. Nowadays, the cyclotron and the synchrotron are the two typical types of accelerators that are offered by companies and are proven to be reliable machines in clinical facilities. Many good textbooks and proceedings of accelerator schools exist on accelerator design, see for example [9,10], but in this chapter, the emphasis will be on relevant issues of proton therapy to understand the reason for the typical design choices and to become aware of the important technical and accelerator physics issues that should be discussed in a selection and acquisition procedure.
Elke Bräuer-Krisch: dedication, creativity and generosity: May 17, 1961–September 10, 2018
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2022
Jean A. Laissue
Elke acquired her basic formation as radiation protection engineer in Germany, at the Berufsakademie Karlsruhe (1980–1984). The following decade was devoted to an extensive international professional development, with residencies in: (A) Institut Laue Langevin, Grenoble, France (1984–1986). (B) National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS) at Brookhaven National Laboratory (Upton, NY) (1986–1987 and 1993–1994). (C) DESY (Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Hasylab) in Hamburg, Germany (1987–1988). (D) Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO) in Sydney, Australia. (E) European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ERSF) in Grenoble, France (1983–1990), where she moved to a position of safety engineer in 1990. In 1998, Elke joined the Biomedical Beamline at the ESRF. What happened in the years between?
In vivo percutaneous permeation of gold nanomaterials in consumer cosmetics: implication in dermal safety assessment of consumer nanoproducts
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2021
Mingjing Cao, Bai Li, Mengyu Guo, Ying Liu, Lili Zhang, Yaling Wang, Bin Hu, Jiayang Li, Duncan S. Sutherland, Liming Wang, Chunying Chen
SRXRF was used to unveil the skin permeation route by imaging the Au in the skin. Excised skins embedded in optimal cutting temperature (O.C.T.) compound were sliced into 40 μm-thick sections from the skin surface to subcutaneous layer vertically and dried on Mylar films. Elemental mapping was performed at beamline 15U1 of the shanghai synchrotron radiation facility (SSRF), China. The light spot size of the synchrotron radiation was set to 150 × 40 μm2. Monochromatic synchrotron radiation with an energy of 12.5 keV was used to excite the samples. The shift step of the sample platform along the X and Z directions was set as the same size as the spot. The XRF signal was collected using a Si (Li) detector at a speed of 3 s/step. Fluorescence intensities of Au, P, Zn, S, K, Ca, and Compton scattering were simultaneously recorded by 8 single-channel analyzers (Ortec 550). XRF images were normalized to pre-ionization chamber counts and Compton scatter intensity with Igor Pro software and graphed by Origin software.
Canine comparative oncology for translational radiation research
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2022
Mary-Keara Boss
Another spatially fractionated radiation approach is through the use of microbeams or minibeams (MRT). MRT consists of a spatially-modulated, co-planar array of photons or protons delivered to tumors (Bräuer-Krisch et al. 2010). Treatment with these spatially fractionated beams in preclinical models has resulted in increased normal tissue sparing and evidence of increased tumor control. Depending on the beam origin, modern microbeams and minibeams are divided into either cyclotron or accelerator-based, compact X-ray source-based, and synchrotron-based facilities (Ghita et al. 2018). Recently, a linear accelerator mounted mini-beam collimator for use at 6 MV beam energy was built and characterized (Cranmer-Sargison et al. 2015). This has led to ongoing efforts, utilizing a canine spontaneous brain tumor model, to compare outcomes for dogs treated with single fraction MRT (26 Gy to mean dose) with those treated with SRT (9 Gy × 3) (Kundapur et al. 2020). Preliminary results from this trial are reported to be positive for MRT treatment for dogs with brain tumors (Kundapur et al. 2020).
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