Aromatic Medicine
Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Surya Prakash Gautam in Herbal Product Development, 2020
Steam distillation (Figure 10.2) comprises of steaming because of a straight present of steam water, which warms the blend just as it diminishes the bubbling temperature as a result of the higher steam pressure inborn in water to those of volatile components in essential oils. The steam originating from the distillator gets cold in a condenser and, at long last, the immiscible blend gets isolated in a clarifier or Florentine jar. This philosophy is more helpful than organic solvents extraction or straight distillation as water steam has a lower cost contrasted with organic solvents. Likewise, it avoids oil warming or the utilization of sophisticated equipment. Regardless, the extraction technique depends, among different elements, on the sort of material to be handled and the area of the parts inside the vegetable structure as indicated by the species and botanical family (Bandoni, 2000).
Extraction and Therapeutic Potential of Essential Oils: A Review
Megh R. Goyal, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Ademola Olabode Ayeleso, T. Jesse Joel, Sujogya Kumar Panda in The Therapeutic Properties of Medicinal Plants, 2019
Arabian physician Avicenna is attributed for the introduction of the distillation method for EOs. For natural aromatic compounds, steam distillation is an exceptional method of distillation. It was once a well-adorned protocol for isolation of organic compounds but is now outdated by vacuum distillation. Steam distillation remains vital in many manufacturing sectors. Water or steam distillation was introduced as separation by conventional distillation (at 1 atm), and will decompose organic compounds at elevated temperatures (Figure 4.3). The vapor carries tiny amounts of the volatilized complexes to the condensation flask, wherever the condensed section separates and allows easy collection. This method effectively permits for distillation at lower temperatures, lessening the corrosion of the required product. If the materials to be distilled are terribly subtle to warmth, steam distillation could be used at reduced pressure, thus dropping the operation temperature furthermore. The vapors are condensed after distillation [3]. Typically, the immediate product may be a two-stage system of water and therefore the organic distillation, giving separation of the parts by decantation, separating, or alternative appropriate ways. The principle of operation of this system indicates that the collective vapor pressure matches the surrounding pressure at around 100°C so that the volatile parts with the boiling points starting from 150–300°C are vaporized at a temperature near to that of water. Besides, this method can also be executed at low pressure depending on the volatile oils extraction issues.
History and Sources of Essential Oil Research
K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer in Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
In water or hydrodistillation, the chopped plant material is submerged and in direct contact with boiling water. In steam distillation, the steam is produced in a boiler separate of the still and blown through a pipe into the bottom of the still, where the plant material rests on a perforated tray or in a basket for quick removal after exhaustive extraction. In addition to the aforementioned distillation at atmospheric pressure, high-pressure steam distillation is most often applied in European and American field stills, and the applied increased temperature significantly reduces the time of distillation. The high-pressure steam-type distillation is often applied for peppermint, spearmint, lavandin, and the like. The condensed distillate, consisting of a mixture of water and oil, is usually separated in a so-called Florentine flask, a glass jar, or more recently in a receptacle made of stainless steel with one outlet near the base and another near the top. There, the distillate separates into two layers from which the oil and the water can be separately withdrawn. Generally, the process of steam distillation is the most widely accepted method for the production of essential oils on a large scale.
Lichenochemicals: extraction, purification, characterization, and application as potential anticancer agents
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2020
Mahshid Mohammadi, Vasudeo Zambare, Ladislav Malek, Christine Gottardo, Zacharias Suntres, Lew Christopher
Hydrodistillation is a physicochemical process of aqueous diffusion, hydrolysis of plant or microbial cell substances, and their decomposition by heat. Hydrodistillation can be carried out as water distillation, water and steam distillation, or direct steam distillation. Water distillation is the soaking of lichen material followed by boiling the resulting mixture. Hot water releases essential oils from oil glands whereas steam distillation extracts steam-volatile essential oils by passing vaporized steam through the lichen sample. The main disadvantage of this technique is the loss of heat-labile compounds at a high-temperature distillation. Hydrodistillation was used for the extraction of essential oils with potent bioactivities from two lichens species, Evernia prunastri, and Ramalina farinacea [78].
Toxicity of Suaeda maritima (L) against the Scirpophaga incertulas (W) and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) disease and its non-target effect on earthworm, Eisenia fetida Savigny
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Haridoss Sivanesh, Narayanan Shyam Sundar, Sengottayan Senthil-Nathan, Vethamonickam Stanley-Raja, Ramakrishnan Ramasubramanian, Sengodan Karthi, Kanagaraj Muthu-Pandian Chanthini, Hesham Saleh M. Almoallim, Sulaiman Ali Alharbi
Many researchers have identified several novel plant phytochemical compounds which have toxic effects against insect pests, but which may be nontoxic or safer for humans and vertebrate animals (Zaka et al.2014, Bahrami et al.2016, Amala et al.2020). Exposure to phytochemicals ingested by herbivores can have large effects on the pest community composition (Vasantha-Srinivasan et al.2016). Isolation of novel plant essential oils botanicals, which are the odorous components, and secondary metabolites, can be separated from plant tissues through steam distillation. Some plant derived essential oil has even been reported to have significant impact on the development of S. litura (Shahriari et al.2017; Ponsankar et al.2016). Sublethal concentrations of ethyl acetate extract of S. maritima against S. incertulas extended the larval development. Methanol extracts and sterols from Myrtillocactus geometrizans produced abnormalities in the larvae and pupae of S. frugiperda and Tenebrio molitor (Céspedes et al. 2005). Senthil-Nathan et al. (2005, 2006) demonstrated that neem limonoids and azadirachtin inhibited the growth and development of larva and pupae of S. litura and C. medinalis.
Mechanism of allergic rhinitis treated by Centipeda minima from different geographic areas
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2021
Yanzhuo Jia, Junbo Zou, Yao Wang, Xiaofei Zhang, Yajun Shi, Yulin Liang, Dongyan Guo, Ming Yang
In this experimental study, volatile oil components were extracted from C. minima collected in seven different geographic areas of China. The best extraction conditions were experimentally determined using steam distillation. Following extraction, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to analyze the volatile oil composition of C. minima. Network pharmacology analysis was used to explore component-related molecular targets. The overall level of protein-disease correlation was assessed and the main pathways and key targets of C. minima components were determined. Molecular docking tests were done using the identified target proteins. The C. minima was used in in vivo animal experiments to evaluate drug efficacy and provide a reference for further clinical experiments.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Chemical Decomposition
- Distillation
- Essential Oil
- Limonene
- Volatility
- Separation Process
- Condenser
- Decantation
- Separatory Funnel
- Vacuum Distillation