Conjugation and Other Methods in Polymeric Vaccines
Mesut Karahan in Synthetic Peptide Vaccine Models, 2021
Spectroscopic methods are used in the structural characterization of organic or inorganic biomolecules. Spectroscopy is commonly defined as the study of the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter (Stan Tsai 2007). Due to the high sensitivity of fluorescence spectroscopy to other spectroscopy branches, it is more suitable to be used for the analysis of fluorescence-specific biomolecules. It is a method that is particularly preferred in the structural function analysis of peptides and proteins. Fluorescence spectroscopy is a branch of spectroscopy in which the emission of an evoked molecule as a basis is examined. It is at the top of the other spectroscopy branches because of the degree of sensitivity. Many substances can be identified with a sensitivity of less than one million by fluorescence spectroscopy. The selectivity of this method is high. The operating range is in the visible area. The fluorescence event involves two processes: absorption and emission (Lakowicz 1999).
Optical Spectroscopy for the Detection of Necrotizing Enterocolitis
David J. Hackam in Necrotizing Enterocolitis, 2021
Optical spectroscopy is a technology that has shown potential promise in this regard and merits more widespread understanding and investigation. Spectroscopy is a measurement of the interaction of electromagnetic radiation, or light, with tissue. The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of wavelengths and respective frequencies that light waves can manifest, spanning the following commonly known energies from lowest to highest: radio, microwave, infrared, visible (400–700 nm wavelength), ultraviolet, x-ray, and gamma (Figure 20.1). Whenever photons (the basic building blocks of electromagnetic radiation that have properties of both a particle and a wave) encounter an object, various fractions of the light are simultaneously reflected, absorbed, and scattered (Figure 20.2). The proportion of each of these fractions varies by wavelength and is determined by the characteristics of the target and its tendency to interact with each respective wavelength. A spectrophotometer is a device that quantifies this interaction by detecting the fraction of light that is either transmitted (i.e., not absorbed) or reflected. Spectrophotometers are widely used in a diverse array of scientific fields to characterize objects of interest, including physics, astronomy, materials science, chemistry, and biochemistry.
Spectroscopic Techniques
Ravindra Kumar Pandey, Shiv Shankar Shukla, Amber Vyas, Vishal Jain, Parag Jain, Shailendra Saraf in Fingerprinting Analysis and Quality Control Methods of Herbal Medicines, 2018
Infrared spectroscopy is a technique based on the vibrations of the atoms of a molecule. Infrared spectroscopy involves the interaction of infrared radiation with matter. The energy at which any peak in an absorption spectrum appears corresponds to the frequency of a vibration of a part of a sample molecule (Jackson et al., 2002). Infrared spectroscopy exploits the fact that molecules absorb frequencies that are characteristic of their structure (Figure 13.2). Most of the analytical applications are confined to the middle IR region (2–15 μm) because absorption of organic molecules is high in this region (Shaw and Mantsch, 2002). Infrared spectroscopy has proven to be a powerful tool for the study of biological molecules and the application of this technique to biological problems is continually expanding, particularly with the advent of increasingly sophisticated sampling techniques such as infrared imaging (Gremlich and Yan, 2000). This technique has been employed for a number of decades for the characterization of isolated biological molecules, particularly proteins and lipids (Shaw and Mantsch, 2000). However, the last decade has seen a rapid rise in the number of studies of more complex systems, such as diseased tissues.
pH-responsive glucosamine anchored polydopamine coated mesoporous silica nanoparticles for delivery of Anderson-type polyoxomolybdate in breast cancer
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2022
Maryam Ramezani-Aliakbari, Jaleh Varshosaz, Mina Mirian, Ghadamali Khodarahmi, Mahboubeh Rostami
Erythrocyte haemolysis as an ex vivo test was carried out according to the recorded methods (Zamani et al.2019). Briefly, the heparinised blood samples (obtained from Isfahan Blood Bank) were centrifuged (4000 rpm for 5 min) to separate the serum and the RBC. A sterile isotonic 0.9% (w/v) NaCl solution was used to wash and disperse the RBC in a ratio of 1:20 (RBC: isotonic solution). One mL of the RBC suspensions was then incubated with one mL of the solution or colloidal suspension of POMo and POMo@SBA-PDA-Glu NPs at a 200 µg/mL concentration for four h at 37 °C by shaking in a water bath. After this incubation time, the samples were centrifuged (4000 rpm for 5 min), and the supernatants were collected to measure the absorbance at 540 nm using UV-Vis. spectroscopy. One mL of deionised water and 1 ml of isotonic 0.9% (w/v) NaCl solution were mixed with one mL of RBCs suspension as the positive (100% haemolysis) and negative (0% haemolysis) controls, respectively. The RBC haemolysis percentage was calculated using simple equation, which compares the absorbance of sample with negative and positive controls (Zamani et al.2019).
Using online content uniformity measurements for rapid automated process development exemplified via an X-ray system
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2019
Bernhard Wagner, Thomas Brinz, Johannes Khinast
On the other hand, there are spectroscopic technologies available such as NIR (near infrared), UV–Vis (ultraviolet–visible), or Raman spectroscopy. Nowadays, they are frequently used as sensors (i.e. process analyzers) within the Process Analytical Technology framework (PAT, FDA 2004). With the help of these techniques, it is possible to control the CPPs, and thus, to maintain the CQAs within an acceptable range, ensuring the final product quality. Different process steps and different CMAs require different technologies. Therefore, during continuous manufacturing, a range of different spectroscopic sensors are currently used (Rantanen and Khinast 2015). Fonteyne et al. (2015), for example, identified various PAT options for particular steps in continuous manufacturing. An application example is the real-time measurement of a drug concentration in a continuous mixing process using NIR spectroscopy (Vanarase et al. 2010).
Human tear fluid analysis for clinical applications: progress and prospects
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2021
Sphurti S Adigal, Alisha Rizvi, Nidheesh V. Rayaroth, Reena V John, Ajayakumar Barik, Sulatha Bhandari, Sajan D George, Jijo Lukose, Vasudevan. B. Kartha, Santhosh Chidangil
In view of the research methodologies being employed at present, some pertinent procedures can be considered for further research and development. The three technologies being pursued at present, in increasing complexity, cost of equipment and expertise required, can be put in the order (i) optical spectroscopy (absorption, fluorescence, scattering), (ii) separation methods (HPLC/UPLC/SDS-PAGE) and mass spectroscopy, followed by (iii) hyphenated methods. It is thus appropriate to think how these three technologies can be coordinated. A suitable modus operandi can be: carry out universal screening using the optical spectroscopy technique, since it needs only trained technicians, can be coupled to automatic data processing to give objective conclusions, requires miniature portable/hand-held equipment only, and above all, preserves the same sample for further tests if warranted. Cases diagnosed as abnormal can then be sent for HPLC/UPLC studies, and if desired, or in case the specific marker identities will be useful for therapy planning and decision making, MS-dependent separation techniques can be used. Such a coordinated procedure will be most helpful for universal healthcare, especially, under low-resource settings.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Chemistry
- Color
- Molecule
- Physical Chemistry
- Spectrophotometry
- Tissue
- Medical Imaging
- Optical Spectrometer
- Spectrum Analyzer
- Hydrogen