Conjugation and Other Methods in Polymeric Vaccines
Mesut Karahan in Synthetic Peptide Vaccine Models, 2021
Spectroscopic methods are used in the structural characterization of organic or inorganic biomolecules. Spectroscopy is commonly defined as the study of the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter (Stan Tsai 2007). Due to the high sensitivity of fluorescence spectroscopy to other spectroscopy branches, it is more suitable to be used for the analysis of fluorescence-specific biomolecules. It is a method that is particularly preferred in the structural function analysis of peptides and proteins. Fluorescence spectroscopy is a branch of spectroscopy in which the emission of an evoked molecule as a basis is examined. It is at the top of the other spectroscopy branches because of the degree of sensitivity. Many substances can be identified with a sensitivity of less than one million by fluorescence spectroscopy. The selectivity of this method is high. The operating range is in the visible area. The fluorescence event involves two processes: absorption and emission (Lakowicz 1999).
Optical Spectroscopy for the Detection of Necrotizing Enterocolitis
David J. Hackam in Necrotizing Enterocolitis, 2021
Optical spectroscopy is a technology that has shown potential promise in this regard and merits more widespread understanding and investigation. Spectroscopy is a measurement of the interaction of electromagnetic radiation, or light, with tissue. The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of wavelengths and respective frequencies that light waves can manifest, spanning the following commonly known energies from lowest to highest: radio, microwave, infrared, visible (400–700 nm wavelength), ultraviolet, x-ray, and gamma (Figure 20.1). Whenever photons (the basic building blocks of electromagnetic radiation that have properties of both a particle and a wave) encounter an object, various fractions of the light are simultaneously reflected, absorbed, and scattered (Figure 20.2). The proportion of each of these fractions varies by wavelength and is determined by the characteristics of the target and its tendency to interact with each respective wavelength. A spectrophotometer is a device that quantifies this interaction by detecting the fraction of light that is either transmitted (i.e., not absorbed) or reflected. Spectrophotometers are widely used in a diverse array of scientific fields to characterize objects of interest, including physics, astronomy, materials science, chemistry, and biochemistry.
Miscellaneous Methods of Analysis
Joseph Chamberlain in The Analysis of Drugs in Biological Fluids, 2018
The numbers of analyses of drugs in biological fluids carried out in laboratories throughout the world run into millions per year. The vast majority of these will almost certainly fall into one of the major categories discussed in the preceding chapters (i.e., optical spectrometry, chromatography, or saturation analysis). Occasionally, however, a particular technique, not applied to a wide range of compounds, will nevertheless find its own particular applications. Some of these less-used methods may be old established, classical, analytical procedures that have been overshadowed by more modern methods and may yet be revived by modern supporting technology, and some may themselves be relatively new developments not yet accepted as widely applicable techniques. In this chapter, these less popular methods will be briefly described, with an indication of their applicability.
New Multi-Walled carbon nanotube of industrial interest induce cell death in murine fibroblast cells
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2021
Krissia Franco de Godoy, Joice Margareth de Almeida Rodolpho, Patricia Brassolatti, Bruna Dias de Lima Fragelli, Cynthia Aparecida de Castro, Marcelo Assis, Juliana Cancino Bernardi, Ricardo de Oliveira Correia, Yulli Roxenne Albuquerque, Carlos Speglich, Elson Longo, Fernanda de Freitas Anibal
The absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy of OCNT-TEPA is shown in Figure 3. In absorption spectroscopy, the spectrometer casts a beam of light into the cuvette, collects the remaining light on the other side, so that we can see which wavelengths were absorbed or not at a given wavelength. This analysis then becomes important considering the objective of checking the fluorescence of OCNT-TEPA, since to understand the fluorescence spectrum it is also necessary to understand the absorption spectrum. In the absorption spectra we observed that the cuvette and the water remain as a baseline, but analyzing the OCNT-TEPA, we observed the scattering of the absorption light, with no peak or absorption bands in this range (400–800 nm) which is in agreement with this class of nanomaterial (Figure 3(a)) (Shetty et al. 2009; Yang et al. 2016). Analyzing the various concentrations of the OCNT-TEPA nanoparticle, we observed that the fluorescence curve pattern did not change compared with water. At higher concentrations the spectrum decreases their signal due to greater scattering of light that OCNT-TEPA can induce, decreasing the fluorescence emission signal (Figure 3(b)).
Human tear fluid analysis for clinical applications: progress and prospects
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2021
Sphurti S Adigal, Alisha Rizvi, Nidheesh V. Rayaroth, Reena V John, Ajayakumar Barik, Sulatha Bhandari, Sajan D George, Jijo Lukose, Vasudevan. B. Kartha, Santhosh Chidangil
In view of the research methodologies being employed at present, some pertinent procedures can be considered for further research and development. The three technologies being pursued at present, in increasing complexity, cost of equipment and expertise required, can be put in the order (i) optical spectroscopy (absorption, fluorescence, scattering), (ii) separation methods (HPLC/UPLC/SDS-PAGE) and mass spectroscopy, followed by (iii) hyphenated methods. It is thus appropriate to think how these three technologies can be coordinated. A suitable modus operandi can be: carry out universal screening using the optical spectroscopy technique, since it needs only trained technicians, can be coupled to automatic data processing to give objective conclusions, requires miniature portable/hand-held equipment only, and above all, preserves the same sample for further tests if warranted. Cases diagnosed as abnormal can then be sent for HPLC/UPLC studies, and if desired, or in case the specific marker identities will be useful for therapy planning and decision making, MS-dependent separation techniques can be used. Such a coordinated procedure will be most helpful for universal healthcare, especially, under low-resource settings.
Targeted tumor dual mode CT/MR imaging using multifunctional polyethylenimine-entrapped gold nanoparticles loaded with gadolinium
Published in Drug Delivery, 2018
Benqing Zhou, Zuogang Xiong, Peng Wang, Chen Peng, Mingwu Shen, Serge Mignani, Jean-Pierre Majoral, Xiangyang Shi
1 H NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker AV400 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer (Karlsruhe, Germany). Samples were dissolved in heavy water (D2O) before measurements. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy was carried out using a Lambda 25 UV-Vis spectrophotometer (PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA). TEM was performed using a JEOL 2010 F analytical electron microscope (JEOL, Tokyo, Japan) operating at 200 kV. TEM samples were prepared by depositing a sample suspension (0.1 mg/mL) onto carbon-coated copper grid and air dried before measurements. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential measurements were conducted using a Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS model ZEN3600 (Worcestershire, UK) with a standard 633 nm laser. Samples were dissolved in water at a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL before measurements.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Chemistry
- Color
- Molecule
- Physical Chemistry
- Spectrophotometry
- Tissue
- Medical Imaging
- Optical Spectrometer
- Spectrum Analyzer
- Hydrogen