Silymarin—A Scintillating Phytoantioxidant: Clinical Applications and Bio-delivery Problems
Madhu Gupta, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Vikas Sharma, Nagendra Singh Chauhan in Novel Drug Delivery Systems for Phytoconstituents, 2020
Silymarin can be extracted from its source using a number of methods, most often conventional phytoextraction using organic molecules. Among some of the most widely used and traditional methods of extraction is Soxhlet extraction process, recommended by Pharmacopoeia. The Soxhlet extraction is based on limited solubility of a component in a particular solvent. The equipment used to perform this type of separation is known as a soxhlet extractor after the name of its inventor Franz von Soxhlet. The soxhlet extractor was originally designed for the purpose of extracting lipids from a complex mixture, but later it was applied to many other hydrophobic compounds. As an advantage, this method allows unmonitored and unmanaged operation while efficiently recycling even very small amounts of solvent. This process can, however, be reduced to a shorter time window by making use of pressurized liquid extraction (PLE). An additional step called defatting stage, normally used in conventional methods, is not required while using PLE, thereby further reducing the time taken by whole process. This method therefore simplifies the silymarin extraction procedure and prevents loss of silymarin, which is otherwise caused during defatting. The PLE recoveries under the optimal extraction conditions are therefore much better than the Pharmacopoeia-recommended Soxhlet extraction procedure.
Spices as Eco-friendly Microbicides: From Kitchen to Clinic
Mahendra Rai, Chistiane M. Feitosa in Eco-Friendly Biobased Products Used in Microbial Diseases, 2022
Extracts from many types of plants are used as flavoring and seasoning agents in foods and beverages. Due to antimicrobial properties they have been used therapeutically for centuries. Antimicrobial properties of spices are attributed to secondary metabolites that include essential oils, alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolics, etc. More than 100,000 plant secondary metabolites have been identified and the majority of them possess antimicrobial potentials. Such plant secondary metabolites can be obtained using solvent extraction processes. Soxhlet extraction is normally a method of choice. Solvents commonly used include water, methanol, chloroform, ethanol, petroleum ether, etc. Not a single solvent is helpful in extracting all antimicrobial principles present. For example, terpenoids, flavonoids and alkaloids are extracted in chloroform; flavonols and alkaloids in acetone; tannins, alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonol in ethanol; and saponins, tannins, flavones, terpenoides in methanol. Water is used for extracting saponins, tannins and terpenoids.
Antioxidant Potential of Cup Saucer Plant
Parimelazhagan Thangaraj in Medicinal Plants, 2018
Soxhlet extraction is a standard method for the extraction of bioactive compounds from plant sources. In the present study, petroleum ether, chloroform, ethylacetate and methanol have been used to extract the lipophilic compounds (oils and fatty acids), pigments (chlorophyll) and polyphenolics (phenolics and flavonoids). The extract yield percentage of B. retusa was shown in Table 17.1. The results showed that methanol extract (19.2 g/100 g sample) had a higher extract yield than other solvent extracts. Methanol extraction of medicinal plants generally yielded more components than other solvent extractions. It is worth mentioning that methanol solvent extraction may allow more hydrogen bonding with phenolic compounds (Murugan and Parimelazhagan 2014).
Lichenochemicals: extraction, purification, characterization, and application as potential anticancer agents
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2020
Mahshid Mohammadi, Vasudeo Zambare, Ladislav Malek, Christine Gottardo, Zacharias Suntres, Lew Christopher
Soxhlet extraction is mainly used for lichen extraction with hot solvents and a reflux unit called a Soxhlet apparatus. The method is simple, inexpensive, and suitable for the recovery of thermostable compounds [71] in larger quantities, which saves energy, time, and cost [72,73]. The most commonly used solvents include acetone, petroleum ether, hexane, ethanol, and methanol [59,74–77]. Solvents are chosen based on their polarity, and normally, a combination of solvents with a gradual change in polarity (for example, from nonpolar to polar) is used for the quantitative extraction of lichen metabolites. Due to the use of elevated temperatures for Soxhlet extraction, thermal decomposition of lichen substances may occur. Other disadvantages include the need for considerable amounts of solvent and the long extraction times [72]. The most common lichenochemicals isolated using Soxhlet extraction include gyrophoric acid, usnic acid, lecanoric acid, and atranorin (Table 1)
2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde from Hemidesmus indicus is antagonistic to Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm formation
Published in Biofouling, 2020
Arunachalam Kannappan, Ravindran Durgadevi, Ramanathan Srinivasan, Ricardo José Lucas Lagoa, Issac Abraham Sybiya Vasantha Packiavathy, Shunmugiah Karutha Pandian, Arumugam Veera Ravi
The root of H. indicus was obtained from a local ayurvedic farm in Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India. The detailed procedure for extract preparation and compound identification has been described elsewhere (Kannappan et al. 2019a). The chopped root pieces were washed thoroughly with tap water, shade dried and milled to a fine powder. The soxhlet extraction method was followed to obtain the crude extract. For partial purification, 100 g of powdered H. indicus root was successively extracted with varying solvents ranging from non-polar (petroleum ether) to polar (methanol). Subsequently, the methanolic extract which exhibited anti-biofilm activity was filtered with No. 1 Whatman filter paper. The filtrates were dried with a rotatory vacuum concentrator (Christ, RVC 2–18) and stored at room temperature for further use. The residue was weighed and dissolved in methanol at a concentration of 100 mg ml−1 which was then used to assess its biofilm inhibitory potential against SE.
Synthesis of PEG-4000-co-poly (AMPS) nanogels by cross-linking polymerization as highly responsive networks for enhancement in meloxicam solubility
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2021
Kifayat Ullah Khan, Muhammad Usman Minhas, Muhammad Sohail, Syed Faisal Badshah, Orva Abdullah, Shahzeb Khan, Abubakar Munir, Muhammad Suhail
Sol–gel fraction analysis was carried out to measure the un-cross linked polymer in developed nanogels structure. For this purpose, specified amount of dried nanogels (500 mg) W1 was taken in a round bottom flask containing de-ionized water and fitted with condenser. Samples were subjected to Soxhlet extraction process for a specified period of time (5–6 h). Nanogels were then allowed to dry at 40 °C for 24–72 h. They were weighed again after drying W2 to calculate sol–gel fraction by using following equations: W1 is the initial dry weight of nanogels before extraction process and W2 is the final dry weight of nanogels after extraction process.
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