Cleansing of Hair
Dale H. Johnson in Hair and Hair Care, 2018
Hair cleansing nowadays is synonymous with shampooing, using shampoo products that are available in a broad selection of product forms, performance, and product attributes. Most shampoos are preparations of either aqueous solutions, emulsions or dispersions, containing cleansing agents, fragrances, preservatives, and other additives such as thickeners and foam builders. Soaps are still used occasionally, but synthetic surfactants are the prime cleansing agents in modern shampoos. These surfactants, containing both an oleophilic moiety and a hydrophilic moiety in the same molecule, have some unusual properties, and are uniquely suited for hair soil removal. They are highly surface-active to provide effective wetting of the hair surface. In aqueous solution, they tend to form micellar structures to help the process of solubilization and emulsification.
Ketoconazole
M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson in Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Severe photosensitivity dermatitis (Mohamed, 1988) and a fixed drug eruption induced by ketoconazole have been described (Bharija and Belhaj, 1988). A rash consistent with a drug eruption developed within 24 hours of a single 200-mg dose of ketoconazole, which resolved with steroids over 1 week (Kahana et al., 1984). Another patient developed a hypersensitivity reaction of generalized urticaria and facial angioedema after the first dose of ketoconazole (Gonzalez-Delgado et al., 1994). Anaphylactic reactions occurred in two patients shortly after taking the first tablet of ketoconazole, and one may have been previously sensitized to the imidazole drugs by topical miconazole (Van Dijke et al., 1983). Recently, refractory anaphylactic shock within 2 hours after taking ketoconazole was reported (Liu et al., 2005). Contact dermatitis from ketoconazole cream in two patients was reported by Santucci et al. (1992). Less than 5% of patients using ketoconazole cream complain of local adverse reactions, including pruritus, local irritation, and stinging. Hair loss, dry skin, scalp pustules, and pruritus have all been described in association with the use of ketoconazole shampoo.
Hair cosmetology
Pierre Bouhanna, Eric Bouhanna in The Alopecias, 2015
The primary function of shampoo is to cleanse both hair and scalp, which requires this product to be versatile enough to fulfill a variety of demands: To remove rapidly and efficiently the soil from hair without damaging the latter when rubbing onto hair and with no irritant effect upon eyes, scalp, and hands.To correctly clean with a widely variable amount depending on the user (from few grams to dozens), irrespective of the nature and the amount of soil, the condition and characteristics of hair (sparse or dense, dry or not, short or long, straight or frizzy, etc), different scalp conditions (seborrhea, dandruff), and using tap waters of varying hardness.To develop enough foam, since perceived as evidence of cleaning efficiency, a key aspect.
Nanotechnology for the development of new cosmetic formulations
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2019
Ana Cláudia Santos, Francisca Morais, Ana Simões, Irina Pereira, Joana A. D. Sequeira, Miguel Pereira-Silva, Francisco Veiga, António Ribeiro
Substances like silicone have major lubrification and preservation attributes, applicable to hair. However, they find some difficulties related to their absorption due to their hydrophobicity. Nanotechnology has the power to overcome these issues. Hu et al. reported [110] a study in which silicone oil was entrapped in stable O/W nanoemulsions, prepared with Tween 80 and Span 80 as surfactants. After the application of the shampoo, with and without silicone nanoemulsions, the hair was analyzed. It was possible to observe that the weight percentage of silicone was enhanced in the hair treated with silicone nanoemulsions and this percentage increased with the decrease of the nanoemulsions particle size. The decrease of particle size allows a greater interaction between nanoemulsions droplets, leading to an improve silicone oil disposal. Moreover, this disposal was not affected by temperature and time of storage, which proves the stability conferred by the nanoemulsions, which was not verified in the control groups were reductions in silicone oil absorption were observed.
Pharmacotherapeutic approaches for treating psoriasis in difficult-to-treat areas
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2018
Dario Kivelevitch, Jillian Frieder, Ian Watson, So Yeon Paek, M. Alan Menter
Coal tar, available for over a century, influences epidermal proliferation and inflammation. No randomized controlled trials document its efficacy for scalp psoriasis, but anecdotal evidence substantiates its use [28]. Coal tar is recognized for its potent antipruritic effects [12]. Yet, its unpleasant odor, poor cosmetic properties, and relative inefficacy make this agent a less utilized therapeutic option. The solution and shampoo formulations do, however, allow for easier application to the scalp. Coal tar can be added to corticosteroid preparations and used in conjunction with other therapies to improve efficacy [12]. While tar has potential carcinogenic effects, this risk in the treatment of psoriasis is considered minimal [29].
Evaluation of anionic surfactants effects on the skin barrier function based on skin permeability
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2019
Mana Okasaka, Koji Kubota, Emi Yamasaki, Jianzhong Yang, Sadaki Takata
Surfactants reduce interfacial free energy between polar and nonpolar materials, resulting in a mixture of polar and nonpolar materials (Raoul and Jiding 2003). This function is useful for emulsion formation or to improve ingredient solubility in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, or toiletry products (Iimura et al. 2005). Surfactants are also key ingredients in many cleansing products. Shampoos contain 10–20% surfactants (Azuma and Nakajima 2013). Micellar structures formed by an anionic head and hydrophobic alkyl groups in water help to improve the solubility of lipophilic materials or dirt on the hair and scalp, facilitating the removal of these materials through washing.
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